Investigation of the optimal condition for the growth and biofilm development of Candida albicans on three dental materials
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Candida albicans as pathogenic fungi cause conditions like oral candidiasis and dental caries. The critical role of biofilms in the pathogenicity of C. albicans necessitates the exploration of conditions that promote their growth and development. Our study aimed to delineate the optimal conditions conducive to the proliferation and biofilm production of C. albicans on prevalent dental materials.
Materials and Methods: To approximate oral cavity conditions, culture media were enhanced with various glucose concentrations to assess the growth and biofilm-forming capability of the fungus through growth curve analysis and crystal violet assays.
Results: The findings suggest that YPG medium augmented with 4% glucose presents as an optimal environment for C. albicans growth. Biofilm formation was most effectively promoted in RPMI medium supplemented with the same concentration of glucose. Composite resin was identified as the substrate most susceptible to biofilm development by C. albicans under these conditions.
Conclusion: This investigation highlights the necessity of accounting for microbial activity and material characteristics in the prevention and management of dental biofilm formation. Our research advances the understanding of in vitro cultivation of C. albicans, simulating the oral milieu more accurately and contributing to enhanced oral health management for individuals utilizing temporary dental fixtures.
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10. Klinke T, Kneist S, de Soet JJ, Kuhlisch E, Mauersberger S, Forster A, et al. Acid production by oral strains of Candida albicans and lactobacilli. Caries Res 2009; 43: 83-91.
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12. Ev LD, Damé-Teixeira N, DO T, Maltz M, Parolo CCF. The role of Candida albicans in root caries biofilms: an RNA-seq analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28: e20190578.
13. Du Q, Ren B, He J, Peng X, Guo Q, Zheng L, et al. Candida albicans promotes tooth decay by inducing oral microbial dysbiosis. ISME J 2021; 15: 894-908.
14. Machado-Gonçalves L, Tavares-Santos A, Santos-Costa F, Soares-Diniz R, Câmara-de Carvalho-Galvão L, Martins-de Sousa E, et al. Effects of Terminalia catappa Linn. Extract on Candida albicans biofilms developed on denture acrylic resin discs. J Clin Exp Dent 2018; 10(7): e642-e647.
15. Samaranayake YH, Cheung BP, Parahitiyawa N, Seneviratne CJ, Yau JY, Yeung KW, et al. Synergistic activity of lysozyme and antifungal agents against Candida albicans biofilms on denture acrylic surfaces. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54: 115-126.
16. Mayahara M, Kataoka R, Arimoto T, Tamaki Y, Yamaguchi N, Watanabe Y, et al. Effects of surface roughness and dimorphism on the adhesion of Candida albicans to the surface of resins: scanning electron microscope analyses of mode and number of adhesions. J Investig Clin Dent 2014; 5: 307-312.
17. Lorenz MC, Fink GR. The glyoxylate cycle is required for fungal virulence. Nature 2001; 412: 83-86.
18. Kashyap B, Padala SR, Kaur G, Kullaa A. Candida albicans induces oral microbial dysbiosis and promotes oral diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12: 2138.
19. Dornelas Figueira LM, Ricomini Filho AP, da Silva WJ, Del BeL Cury AA, Ruiz KGS. Glucose effect on Candida albicans biofilm during tissue invasion. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117: 104728.
20. Patel M. Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the development of infection. Pathogens 2022; 11: 335.
21. Abuhajar E, Ali K, Zulfiqar G, Al Ansari K, Raja HZ, Bishti S, et al. Management of chronic Atrophic Candidiasis (Denture Stomatitis)-A Narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 3029.
22. Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13: 911623.
23. Castro-Muñoz R, Correa-Delgado M, Córdova-Almeida R, Lara-Nava D, Chávez-Muñoz M, Velásquez-Chávez VF, et al. Natural sweeteners: Sources, extraction and current uses in foods and food industries. Food Chem 2022; 370: 130991.
24. Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Raposo A. Natural sweeteners: The relevance of food naturalness for consumers, food security aspects, sustainability and health impacts. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 6285.
25. Mahato DK, Keast R, Liem DG, Russell CG, Cicerale S, Gamlath S. Sugar reduction in dairy food: An overview with flavoured milk as an example. Foods 2020; 9: 1400.
26. Lee EH, Jeon YH, An SJ, Deng YH, Kwon HB, Lim YJ, et al. Removal effect of Candida albicans biofilms from the PMMA resin surface by using a manganese oxide nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler. Heliyon 2022; 8(12): e12290.
27. Le Bars P, Kouadio AA, Amouriq Y, Bodic F, Blery P, Bandiaky ON. Different polymers for the base of removable dentures? Part II: A narrative review of the dynamics of microbial plaque formation on dentures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16: 40.
28. Derchi G, Vano M, Barone A, Covani U, Diaspro A, Salerno M. Bacterial adhesion on direct and indirect dental restorative composite resins: An in vitro study on a natural biofilm. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117: 669-676.
29. Weerasekera MM, Wijesinghe GK, Jayarathna TA, Gunasekara CP, Fernando N, Kottegoda N, et al. Culture media profoundly affect Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis growth, adhesion and biofilm development. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111: 697-702.
30. Leonhard M, Zatorska B, Moser D, Tan Y, Schneider-Stickler B. Evaluation of combined growth media for in vitro cultivation of oropharyngeal biofilms on prosthetic silicone. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018; 29: 45.
31. Zhang P, Chen S, Chen X, Yu L, Ma M, Li C, et al. Production of farnesol in Candida albicans biofilms of resistant and standard strains in different media. Chin J Dermatol 2018; 51: 106-111. http://www.pifukezazhi.com/EN/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2018.02.005
32. Tan Y, Leonhard M, Ma S, Schneider-Stickler B. Influence of culture conditions for clinically isolated non-albicans Candida biofilm formation. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 130: 123-128.
2. Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Colonne PM, Scott-Anne K, Gregoire S, Pai CH, et al. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes virulence of plaque biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun 2014; 82: 1968-1981.
3. Babatzia A, Papaioannou W, Stavropoulou A, Pandis N, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Papagiannoulis L, et al. Clinical and microbial oral health status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int Dent J 2020; 70: 136-144.
4. Zomorodian K, Kavoosi F, Pishdad GR, Mehriar P, Ebrahimi H, Bandegani A, et al. Prevalence of oral Candida colonization in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Mycol Med 2016; 26: 103-110.
5. Mun M, Yap T, Alnuaimi AD, Adams GG, McCullough MJ. Oral candidal carriage in asymptomatic patients. Aust Dent J 2016; 61: 190-195.
6. Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Candidiasis: A disease of opportunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6: 15.
7. Diaz PI, Hong BY, Dupuy AK, Strausbaugh LD. Mining the oral mycobiome: Methods, components, and meaning. Virulence 2017; 8: 313-323.
8. Denewet N. Salivation disorders in elderly patients. Innov Aging 2017; 1(Suppl_1): 398-399.
9. Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, et al. Candida albicans-The virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7: 79.
10. Klinke T, Kneist S, de Soet JJ, Kuhlisch E, Mauersberger S, Forster A, et al. Acid production by oral strains of Candida albicans and lactobacilli. Caries Res 2009; 43: 83-91.
11. Kim HE, Liu Y, Dhall A, Bawazir M, Koo H, Hwang G. Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans reinforces biofilm maturation and Acidogenicity in saliva: An in vitro study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10: 623980.
12. Ev LD, Damé-Teixeira N, DO T, Maltz M, Parolo CCF. The role of Candida albicans in root caries biofilms: an RNA-seq analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28: e20190578.
13. Du Q, Ren B, He J, Peng X, Guo Q, Zheng L, et al. Candida albicans promotes tooth decay by inducing oral microbial dysbiosis. ISME J 2021; 15: 894-908.
14. Machado-Gonçalves L, Tavares-Santos A, Santos-Costa F, Soares-Diniz R, Câmara-de Carvalho-Galvão L, Martins-de Sousa E, et al. Effects of Terminalia catappa Linn. Extract on Candida albicans biofilms developed on denture acrylic resin discs. J Clin Exp Dent 2018; 10(7): e642-e647.
15. Samaranayake YH, Cheung BP, Parahitiyawa N, Seneviratne CJ, Yau JY, Yeung KW, et al. Synergistic activity of lysozyme and antifungal agents against Candida albicans biofilms on denture acrylic surfaces. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54: 115-126.
16. Mayahara M, Kataoka R, Arimoto T, Tamaki Y, Yamaguchi N, Watanabe Y, et al. Effects of surface roughness and dimorphism on the adhesion of Candida albicans to the surface of resins: scanning electron microscope analyses of mode and number of adhesions. J Investig Clin Dent 2014; 5: 307-312.
17. Lorenz MC, Fink GR. The glyoxylate cycle is required for fungal virulence. Nature 2001; 412: 83-86.
18. Kashyap B, Padala SR, Kaur G, Kullaa A. Candida albicans induces oral microbial dysbiosis and promotes oral diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12: 2138.
19. Dornelas Figueira LM, Ricomini Filho AP, da Silva WJ, Del BeL Cury AA, Ruiz KGS. Glucose effect on Candida albicans biofilm during tissue invasion. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117: 104728.
20. Patel M. Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the development of infection. Pathogens 2022; 11: 335.
21. Abuhajar E, Ali K, Zulfiqar G, Al Ansari K, Raja HZ, Bishti S, et al. Management of chronic Atrophic Candidiasis (Denture Stomatitis)-A Narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 3029.
22. Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13: 911623.
23. Castro-Muñoz R, Correa-Delgado M, Córdova-Almeida R, Lara-Nava D, Chávez-Muñoz M, Velásquez-Chávez VF, et al. Natural sweeteners: Sources, extraction and current uses in foods and food industries. Food Chem 2022; 370: 130991.
24. Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Raposo A. Natural sweeteners: The relevance of food naturalness for consumers, food security aspects, sustainability and health impacts. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 6285.
25. Mahato DK, Keast R, Liem DG, Russell CG, Cicerale S, Gamlath S. Sugar reduction in dairy food: An overview with flavoured milk as an example. Foods 2020; 9: 1400.
26. Lee EH, Jeon YH, An SJ, Deng YH, Kwon HB, Lim YJ, et al. Removal effect of Candida albicans biofilms from the PMMA resin surface by using a manganese oxide nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler. Heliyon 2022; 8(12): e12290.
27. Le Bars P, Kouadio AA, Amouriq Y, Bodic F, Blery P, Bandiaky ON. Different polymers for the base of removable dentures? Part II: A narrative review of the dynamics of microbial plaque formation on dentures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16: 40.
28. Derchi G, Vano M, Barone A, Covani U, Diaspro A, Salerno M. Bacterial adhesion on direct and indirect dental restorative composite resins: An in vitro study on a natural biofilm. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117: 669-676.
29. Weerasekera MM, Wijesinghe GK, Jayarathna TA, Gunasekara CP, Fernando N, Kottegoda N, et al. Culture media profoundly affect Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis growth, adhesion and biofilm development. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111: 697-702.
30. Leonhard M, Zatorska B, Moser D, Tan Y, Schneider-Stickler B. Evaluation of combined growth media for in vitro cultivation of oropharyngeal biofilms on prosthetic silicone. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018; 29: 45.
31. Zhang P, Chen S, Chen X, Yu L, Ma M, Li C, et al. Production of farnesol in Candida albicans biofilms of resistant and standard strains in different media. Chin J Dermatol 2018; 51: 106-111. http://www.pifukezazhi.com/EN/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2018.02.005
32. Tan Y, Leonhard M, Ma S, Schneider-Stickler B. Influence of culture conditions for clinically isolated non-albicans Candida biofilm formation. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 130: 123-128.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v17i1.17813 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Candida albicans; Fungi; Culture; Condition; Growth; Biofilm; Dental materials | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Le H, Phuong T, Huy G, Nguyen P-V, Giang Nguyen B. Investigation of the optimal condition for the growth and biofilm development of Candida albicans on three dental materials. Iran J Microbiol. 2025;17(1):153-162.
