Assessing knowledge and awareness levels regarding cervical cancer and HPV vaccination in the Jammu regions
-
Ridhima Jasrotia
,
Isha Kashyap
,
Jyotsna Suri
,
Chirag Chopra
,
Atif Khurshid Wani
,
Nazli Tizro
,
Abhineet Goyal
,
Reena Singh
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer global burden is highly skewed towards poor countries primarily due to lack of awareness, poor screening, and low uptake of prophylactic vaccines. The purpose of our study is to educate and raise awareness among young girls and women about the importance of cervical screening and HPV vaccination.
Materials and Methods: The present study, conducted from January 2023 to December 2023, focused on students, teachers, housewives, and healthcare professionals in the Jammu region to assess their awareness of cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine. HPV DNA testing was carried out using the Truenat Real-Time PCR method at Swastik Diagnostic Laboratory, Jammu.
Results: Knowledge of cervical cancer, awareness of the HPV virus, and the vaccination status of women were assessed in survey. In the HPV screening test, out of 2,400 women, 106 tested positive for HPV. Among these 106 women, 19% had a high viral load (Ct < 20), 11% had a low viral load (25 ≤ Ct < 30), indicating a low relative concentration of HPV viruses, 40% had a medium viral load (20 ≤ Ct < 25), and 30% had very low viral loads (Ct ≥ 30).
Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of routine cervical screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, for the early detection of cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to implement cervical cancer screening and vaccination programs in the Jammu region.
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11. Ağar E, Aker SŞ. Association of HPV, sexually transmitted infections among patients with genital warts and asymptomatic individuals: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2023; 44: 145-155.
12. Bhar VS, Gupta N, Singh MP, Nijhawan R, Srinivasan R, Suri V, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in liquid-based cervical cytology samples. Virchows Arch 2015; 466: 711-715.
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14. Gazzetta S, Valent F, Sala A, Driul L, Brunelli L. Sexually transmitted infections and the HPV-related burden: evolution of Italian epidemiology and policy. Front Public Health 2024; 12: 1336250.
15. Latsuzbaia A, Arbyn M, Tapp J, Fischer M, Weyers S, Pesch P, et al. Effectiveness of bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination in Luxembourg. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 63: 101593.
16. Garbuglia AR, Lapa D, Sias C, Capobianchi MR, Del Porto P. The Use of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines in the therapy of papillomavirus disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 188.
17. Roy S, Shankar A. HPV vaccination of girl child in India: intervention for primary prevention of cervical cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19: 2357-2358.
18. Bhatla N, Meena J, Gupta K, Pal B, Divakar H, Bhalerao S, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: Good clinical practice recommendations from the federation of obstetric and gynecological societies of India. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46: 1651-1660.
19. Mehrotra R, Hariprasad R, Rajaraman P, Mahajan V, Grover R, Kaur P, et al. Stemming the wave of cervical cancer: human papillomavirus vaccine introduction in India. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4: 1-4.
20. Sankaranarayanan R, Basu P, Kaur P, Bhaskar R, Singh GB, Denzongpa P, et al. Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination in India’s cervical cancer prevention efforts. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20(11): e637-e644.
21. Gonçalves AK, Cobucci RN, Rodrigues HM, De Melo AG, Giraldo PC. Safety, tolerability and side effects of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18: 651-659.
22. Kaarthigeyan K. Cervical cancer in India and HPV vaccination. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012; 33: 7-12.
23. Alherz FA, Alamri AA, Aljbreen A, Alwallan N. Knowledge of cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV), and acceptance of the HPV vaccine among parents of daughters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17: 789-794.
24. Khairkhah N, Bolhassani A, Najafipour R. Current and future direction in treatment of HPV-related cervical disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100: 829-845.
25. Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, Tyring SK. Human papillomavirus: a review. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20: 315-331.
26. Bhardwaj R, Bhagat M, Panjaliya R, Kuldeep P, Sharma K, Kumar P. Human papillomavirus detection in the women of jammu region of jammu and Kashmir: A hospital Based study. Indian J Appl Res 2015; 5: 57-62.
27. Hariprasad R, Tulsyan S, Babu R, Dhanasekaran K, Thakur N, Hussain S, et al. Evaluation of a Chip-Based, Point-of-Care, Portable, Real-Time Micro PCR Analyzer for the detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in uterine cervix in India. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6: 1147-1154.
28. Moreira ED, Oliveira BG, Ferraz FM, Costa S, Costa Filho JO, Karic G. Knowledge and attitudes about human papillomavirus, Pap smears, and cervical cancer among young women in Brazil: implications for health education and prevention. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 599-603.
29. Ramavath KK, Olyai R. Knowledge and awareness of HPV infection and vaccination among urban adolescents in India: A Cross-Sectional study. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2013; 63: 399-404.
30. Makwe CC, Anorlu RI, Odeyemi KA. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and vaccines: Knowledge, attitude and perception among female students at the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2012; 2: 199-206.
31. Di Giuseppe G, Abbate R, Liguori G, Albano L, Angelillo IF. Human papillomavirus and vaccination: Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intention in adolescents and young women in Italy. Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 225-229.
32. Ramesh PS, Krishnamurthy S, Shrestha S, Nataraj SM, Devegowda D. Knowledge, awareness and prevalence of Human Papillomavirus among local University students and Healthcare workers in South India: A cross-sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 12: 100839.
2. Bontkes HJ, de Gruijl TD, van den Muysenberg AJ, Verheijen RH, Stukart MJ, Meijer CJ, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in women with cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2000; 88: 92-98.
3. Bogani G, Sopracordevole F, Ciavattini A, Ghelardi A, Vizza E, Vercellini P, et al. HPV-related lesions after hysterectomy for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early-stage cervical cancer: A focus on the potential role of vaccination. Tumori 2024; 110: 139-145.
4. Wendland EM, Horvath JDC, Kops NL, Bessel M, Caierão J, Hohenberger GF, et al. Sexual behavior across the transition to adulthood and sexually transmitted infections : Findings from the national survey of human papillomavirus prevalence (POP-Brazil). Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97(33): e11758.
5. Bhattacharyya AK, Nath JD, Deka H. Comparative study between pap smear and visual inspection with acetic acid (via) in screening of CIN and early cervical cancer. J Midlife Health 2015; 6: 53-58.
6. Rerucha CM, Caro RJ, Wheeler VL. Cervical cancer screening. Am Fam Physician 2018; 97: 441-448.
7. Sengupta SK, Pal RD, Samaddar D, Samaddar JB, Goswami BK. Comparative analysis of different cervical screening methods with special reference to the WHO recommended human papillomavirus detection at a rural tertiary care center - A pilot study. Asian J Med Sci 2024; 15: 178-183.
8. Harsha Kumar H, Tanya S. A study on knowledge and screening for cervical cancer among women in Mangalore city. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4: 751-756.
9. Baudu A, Prétet JL, Riethmuller D, Chotard M, Mougin C, Mercier M. Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection types 16/18/45 in a cohort of French females aged 15-23years. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4: 35-43.
10. Kombe Kombe AJ, Li B, Zahid A, Mengist HM, Bounda G-A, Zhou Y, et al. Epidemiology and burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases, molecular pathogenesis, and vaccine evaluation. Front Public Health 2021; 8: 552028.
11. Ağar E, Aker SŞ. Association of HPV, sexually transmitted infections among patients with genital warts and asymptomatic individuals: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2023; 44: 145-155.
12. Bhar VS, Gupta N, Singh MP, Nijhawan R, Srinivasan R, Suri V, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in liquid-based cervical cytology samples. Virchows Arch 2015; 466: 711-715.
13. Jenkins D. A review of cross-protection against oncogenic HPV by an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine: importance of virological and clinical endpoints and implications for mass vaccination in cervical cancer prevention. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110(3 Suppl 1): S18-S25.
14. Gazzetta S, Valent F, Sala A, Driul L, Brunelli L. Sexually transmitted infections and the HPV-related burden: evolution of Italian epidemiology and policy. Front Public Health 2024; 12: 1336250.
15. Latsuzbaia A, Arbyn M, Tapp J, Fischer M, Weyers S, Pesch P, et al. Effectiveness of bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination in Luxembourg. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 63: 101593.
16. Garbuglia AR, Lapa D, Sias C, Capobianchi MR, Del Porto P. The Use of both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines in the therapy of papillomavirus disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 188.
17. Roy S, Shankar A. HPV vaccination of girl child in India: intervention for primary prevention of cervical cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19: 2357-2358.
18. Bhatla N, Meena J, Gupta K, Pal B, Divakar H, Bhalerao S, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: Good clinical practice recommendations from the federation of obstetric and gynecological societies of India. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46: 1651-1660.
19. Mehrotra R, Hariprasad R, Rajaraman P, Mahajan V, Grover R, Kaur P, et al. Stemming the wave of cervical cancer: human papillomavirus vaccine introduction in India. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4: 1-4.
20. Sankaranarayanan R, Basu P, Kaur P, Bhaskar R, Singh GB, Denzongpa P, et al. Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination in India’s cervical cancer prevention efforts. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20(11): e637-e644.
21. Gonçalves AK, Cobucci RN, Rodrigues HM, De Melo AG, Giraldo PC. Safety, tolerability and side effects of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18: 651-659.
22. Kaarthigeyan K. Cervical cancer in India and HPV vaccination. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012; 33: 7-12.
23. Alherz FA, Alamri AA, Aljbreen A, Alwallan N. Knowledge of cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV), and acceptance of the HPV vaccine among parents of daughters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17: 789-794.
24. Khairkhah N, Bolhassani A, Najafipour R. Current and future direction in treatment of HPV-related cervical disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100: 829-845.
25. Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, Tyring SK. Human papillomavirus: a review. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20: 315-331.
26. Bhardwaj R, Bhagat M, Panjaliya R, Kuldeep P, Sharma K, Kumar P. Human papillomavirus detection in the women of jammu region of jammu and Kashmir: A hospital Based study. Indian J Appl Res 2015; 5: 57-62.
27. Hariprasad R, Tulsyan S, Babu R, Dhanasekaran K, Thakur N, Hussain S, et al. Evaluation of a Chip-Based, Point-of-Care, Portable, Real-Time Micro PCR Analyzer for the detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in uterine cervix in India. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6: 1147-1154.
28. Moreira ED, Oliveira BG, Ferraz FM, Costa S, Costa Filho JO, Karic G. Knowledge and attitudes about human papillomavirus, Pap smears, and cervical cancer among young women in Brazil: implications for health education and prevention. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 599-603.
29. Ramavath KK, Olyai R. Knowledge and awareness of HPV infection and vaccination among urban adolescents in India: A Cross-Sectional study. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2013; 63: 399-404.
30. Makwe CC, Anorlu RI, Odeyemi KA. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and vaccines: Knowledge, attitude and perception among female students at the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2012; 2: 199-206.
31. Di Giuseppe G, Abbate R, Liguori G, Albano L, Angelillo IF. Human papillomavirus and vaccination: Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intention in adolescents and young women in Italy. Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 225-229.
32. Ramesh PS, Krishnamurthy S, Shrestha S, Nataraj SM, Devegowda D. Knowledge, awareness and prevalence of Human Papillomavirus among local University students and Healthcare workers in South India: A cross-sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 12: 100839.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i4.16311 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cervical cancer; Human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV vaccine; Real time polymerase chain reaction; Vaccination | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jasrotia R, Kashyap I, Suri J, Chopra C, Wani A, Tizro N, Goyal A, Singh R. Assessing knowledge and awareness levels regarding cervical cancer and HPV vaccination in the Jammu regions. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(4):515-523.
