Early detection of oral bacteria causing gum infections and dental caries in children
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Periodontal diseases are resulted from gum infections and dental plaques, which are mainly caused by the bacterial agents. Since dental monitoring includes important prognostic roles, the aim of this study was to detect the most common periodontal pathogenic bacteria in children.
Materials and Methods: A total of 200 clinical samples were collected from dental plaques and gingival grooves. Target-specific primers were designed for hbpA in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, fimA in Porphyromonas gingivalis and 16S rRNA in Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Then, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method was optimized for the highlighted bacterial agents.
Results: In general, the highest and the lowest bacterial prevalence rates belonged to Tannerella forsythia (88%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (13%), respectively. Furthermore, prevalence rates of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola were 25, 21 and 45% in samples, respectively.
Conclusion: There were significant associations between dental/oral health and microbial community. Metabolism of the oral bacteria, including biofilm formation, can affect gums and develop dental plaques and hence dental caries, especially in children. Early diagnosis of dental caries in children via rapid, accurate molecular methods can increase the diagnostic capacity in clinical cases and therefore prevent periodontal infections in adulthood.
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2. Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16: 745-759.
3. Koopaie M, Fatahzadeh M, Jahangir S, Bakhtiari R. Comparison of the effect of regular and probiotic cake (Bacillus coagulans) on salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans count. Dent Med Probl 2019; 56: 33-38.
4. Gurenlian JR. The role of dental plaque biofilm in oral health. J Dent Hyg 2007; 81(suppl 1): 116.
5. Abdulkareem AA, Al-Taweel FB, Al-Sharqi AJB, Gul SS, Sha A, Chapple ILC. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15: 2197779.
6. Tatakis DN, Kumar PS. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Dent Clin North Am 2005; 49: 491-516.
7. Kamer AR, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, Rusinek H, Vallabhajosula S, Mosconi L, et al. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36: 627-633.
8. Geismar K, Stoltze K, Sigurd B, Gyntelberg F, Holmstrup P. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease. J Periodontol 2006; 77: 1547-1554.
9. Buduneli N, Baylas H, Buduneli E, Turkoglu O, Kose T, Dahlen G. Periodontal infections and pre‐term low birth weight: A case‐control study. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 174-181.
10. Dobson R. Gum disease may increase the risk of stroke. BMJ 2006; 333: 570.
11. Lovegrove JM. Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with periodontal disease. J N Z Soc Periodontol 2004; (87): 7-21.
12. Sreenivasan PK, Prasad KVV. Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches. J Int Med Res 2017; 45: 1585-1596.
13. Kewon TH, Lamster IB, Levin L. Current concepts in the management of periodontitis. Int Dent J 2021; 71: 462-476.
14. Saygun I, Nizam N, Keskiner I, Bal V, Kubar A, Acıkel C, et al. Salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46: 235-239.
15. Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, et al. Identification of pathogen and host‐response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80: 436-446.
16. Andreasen JO, Lauridsen E, Andreasen FM. Contradictions in the treatment of traumatic dental injuries and ways to proceed in dental trauma research. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26: 16-22.
17. D'Ercole S, Catamo G, Tripodi D, Piccolomini R. Comparison of culture methods and multiplex PCR for the detection of periodontopathogenic bacteria in bio film associated with severe forms of periodontitis. New Microbiol 2008; 31: 383-391.
18. Siqueira JF, Rocas IN, Uzeda M, Colombo AP, Santos KRN. Comparison of 16S rDNA-based PCR and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation for detection of selected endodontic pathogens. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 1090-1096.
19. Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KR, Coelho AM. "Red complex" (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in endodontic infections: a molecular approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 468-471.
20. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4950-4954.
21. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions. J Periodontol 2018; 89 Suppl 1: S17-S27.
22. Seneviratne CJ, Zhang CF, Samaranayake LP. Dental plaque biofilm in oral health and disease. Chin J Dent Res 2011; 14: 87-94.
23. Gao L, Xu T, Huang G, Jiang S, Gu Y, Chen F. Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body. Protein Cell 2018; 9: 488-500.
24. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. The oral microbiota: general overview, taxonomy and nucleic acid techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 666: 55-69.
25. Wade WG. Non-culturable bacteria in complex commensal populations. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004; 54: 93-106.
26. Foschi F, Cavrini F, Montebugnoli L, Stashenko P, Sambri V, Prati C. Detection of bacteria in endodontic samples by polymerase chain reaction assays and association with defined clinical signs in Italian patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005; 20: 289-295.
27. Lopez NJ. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in progressive adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000; 71: 948-954.
28. Jagathrakshakan SN, Sethumadhava RJ, Mehta DT, Ramanathan A. 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis identifies a novel bacterial co-prevalence pattern in dental caries. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 127-132.
29. Herrera M, Aguilar YA, Rueda ZV, Muskus C, Velez LA. Comparison of serological methods with PCR-based methods for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia caused by atypical bacteria. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15: 3.
30. Suzuki N, Yoshida A, Nakano Y. Quantitative analysis of multi-species oral biofilms by TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Clin Med Res 2005; 3: 176-185.
31. Park S-N, Lim YK, Kook J-K. Development of quantitative real-time PCR primers for detecting 42 oral bacterial species. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195: 473-482.
32. Ito T, Mori G, Oda Y, Hirano T, Sasaki H, Honma S, et al. Clinical evaluation of periodontal pathogen levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peri-implantitis patients. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7: 105.
33. Asai Y, Jinno T, Igarashi H, Ohyama Y, Ogawa T. Detection and quantification of oral treponemes in subgingival plaque by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3334-3340.
34. Avila-Campos MJ. PCR detection of four periodontopathogens from subgingival clinical samples. Braz J Microbiol 2003; 34: 81-84.
35. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Periodontal pathogens: a quantitative comparison of anaerobic culture and real-time PCR. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005; 45: 191-199.
36. Doungudomdacha S, Rawlinson A, Douglas CW. Enumeration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples by a quantitative-competitive PCR method. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 861-874.
37. Maeda H, Fujimoto C, Haruki Y, Maeda T, Kokeguchi S, Petelin M, et al. Quantitative real-time PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, tetQ gene and total bacteria. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 39: 81-86.
38. Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Sakamoto M, Benno Y, Huang Y, Ishikawa I. Treponema socranskii, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with severity of periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol 2001; 72: 1354-1363.
39. Alghamdi AS, Almarghlani AA. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria among high school children in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39: 244-250.
40. Prabhu Matondkar S, Yavagal C, Kugaji M, Bhat KG. Quantitative assessment of Scardovia wiggsiae from dental plaque samples of children suffering from severe early childhood caries and caries free children. Anaerobe 2020; 62: 102110.
41. Chen L-L, Cui H-F, Fan S-F, Li Z-Y, Han S-Y, Ma X, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque using a DNA biosensor for noninvasive diagnosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8: 21075-21083.
42. Bashirian S, Shirahmadi S, Seyedzadeh-Sabounchi S, Soltanian AR, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Vahdatinia F. Association of caries experience and dental plaque with sociodemographic characteristics in elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18: 7.
43. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 Suppl 20: S17-S27.
44. Valm AM. The structure of dental plaque microbial communities in the transition from health to dental caries and periodontal disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431: 2957-2969.
2. Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16: 745-759.
3. Koopaie M, Fatahzadeh M, Jahangir S, Bakhtiari R. Comparison of the effect of regular and probiotic cake (Bacillus coagulans) on salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans count. Dent Med Probl 2019; 56: 33-38.
4. Gurenlian JR. The role of dental plaque biofilm in oral health. J Dent Hyg 2007; 81(suppl 1): 116.
5. Abdulkareem AA, Al-Taweel FB, Al-Sharqi AJB, Gul SS, Sha A, Chapple ILC. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15: 2197779.
6. Tatakis DN, Kumar PS. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Dent Clin North Am 2005; 49: 491-516.
7. Kamer AR, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, Rusinek H, Vallabhajosula S, Mosconi L, et al. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36: 627-633.
8. Geismar K, Stoltze K, Sigurd B, Gyntelberg F, Holmstrup P. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease. J Periodontol 2006; 77: 1547-1554.
9. Buduneli N, Baylas H, Buduneli E, Turkoglu O, Kose T, Dahlen G. Periodontal infections and pre‐term low birth weight: A case‐control study. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 174-181.
10. Dobson R. Gum disease may increase the risk of stroke. BMJ 2006; 333: 570.
11. Lovegrove JM. Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with periodontal disease. J N Z Soc Periodontol 2004; (87): 7-21.
12. Sreenivasan PK, Prasad KVV. Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches. J Int Med Res 2017; 45: 1585-1596.
13. Kewon TH, Lamster IB, Levin L. Current concepts in the management of periodontitis. Int Dent J 2021; 71: 462-476.
14. Saygun I, Nizam N, Keskiner I, Bal V, Kubar A, Acıkel C, et al. Salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46: 235-239.
15. Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, et al. Identification of pathogen and host‐response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80: 436-446.
16. Andreasen JO, Lauridsen E, Andreasen FM. Contradictions in the treatment of traumatic dental injuries and ways to proceed in dental trauma research. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26: 16-22.
17. D'Ercole S, Catamo G, Tripodi D, Piccolomini R. Comparison of culture methods and multiplex PCR for the detection of periodontopathogenic bacteria in bio film associated with severe forms of periodontitis. New Microbiol 2008; 31: 383-391.
18. Siqueira JF, Rocas IN, Uzeda M, Colombo AP, Santos KRN. Comparison of 16S rDNA-based PCR and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation for detection of selected endodontic pathogens. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 1090-1096.
19. Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KR, Coelho AM. "Red complex" (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in endodontic infections: a molecular approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 468-471.
20. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4950-4954.
21. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions. J Periodontol 2018; 89 Suppl 1: S17-S27.
22. Seneviratne CJ, Zhang CF, Samaranayake LP. Dental plaque biofilm in oral health and disease. Chin J Dent Res 2011; 14: 87-94.
23. Gao L, Xu T, Huang G, Jiang S, Gu Y, Chen F. Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body. Protein Cell 2018; 9: 488-500.
24. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN. The oral microbiota: general overview, taxonomy and nucleic acid techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 666: 55-69.
25. Wade WG. Non-culturable bacteria in complex commensal populations. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004; 54: 93-106.
26. Foschi F, Cavrini F, Montebugnoli L, Stashenko P, Sambri V, Prati C. Detection of bacteria in endodontic samples by polymerase chain reaction assays and association with defined clinical signs in Italian patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005; 20: 289-295.
27. Lopez NJ. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in progressive adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000; 71: 948-954.
28. Jagathrakshakan SN, Sethumadhava RJ, Mehta DT, Ramanathan A. 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis identifies a novel bacterial co-prevalence pattern in dental caries. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 127-132.
29. Herrera M, Aguilar YA, Rueda ZV, Muskus C, Velez LA. Comparison of serological methods with PCR-based methods for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia caused by atypical bacteria. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15: 3.
30. Suzuki N, Yoshida A, Nakano Y. Quantitative analysis of multi-species oral biofilms by TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Clin Med Res 2005; 3: 176-185.
31. Park S-N, Lim YK, Kook J-K. Development of quantitative real-time PCR primers for detecting 42 oral bacterial species. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195: 473-482.
32. Ito T, Mori G, Oda Y, Hirano T, Sasaki H, Honma S, et al. Clinical evaluation of periodontal pathogen levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peri-implantitis patients. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7: 105.
33. Asai Y, Jinno T, Igarashi H, Ohyama Y, Ogawa T. Detection and quantification of oral treponemes in subgingival plaque by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3334-3340.
34. Avila-Campos MJ. PCR detection of four periodontopathogens from subgingival clinical samples. Braz J Microbiol 2003; 34: 81-84.
35. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Periodontal pathogens: a quantitative comparison of anaerobic culture and real-time PCR. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005; 45: 191-199.
36. Doungudomdacha S, Rawlinson A, Douglas CW. Enumeration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples by a quantitative-competitive PCR method. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 861-874.
37. Maeda H, Fujimoto C, Haruki Y, Maeda T, Kokeguchi S, Petelin M, et al. Quantitative real-time PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, tetQ gene and total bacteria. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 39: 81-86.
38. Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Sakamoto M, Benno Y, Huang Y, Ishikawa I. Treponema socranskii, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with severity of periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol 2001; 72: 1354-1363.
39. Alghamdi AS, Almarghlani AA. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria among high school children in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39: 244-250.
40. Prabhu Matondkar S, Yavagal C, Kugaji M, Bhat KG. Quantitative assessment of Scardovia wiggsiae from dental plaque samples of children suffering from severe early childhood caries and caries free children. Anaerobe 2020; 62: 102110.
41. Chen L-L, Cui H-F, Fan S-F, Li Z-Y, Han S-Y, Ma X, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque using a DNA biosensor for noninvasive diagnosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8: 21075-21083.
42. Bashirian S, Shirahmadi S, Seyedzadeh-Sabounchi S, Soltanian AR, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Vahdatinia F. Association of caries experience and dental plaque with sociodemographic characteristics in elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18: 7.
43. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 Suppl 20: S17-S27.
44. Valm AM. The structure of dental plaque microbial communities in the transition from health to dental caries and periodontal disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431: 2957-2969.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i1.14870 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Periodontal diseases; Bacterial pathogens; Dental plaques; Dental caries; Children | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Darabi M, Bakhtiari R, Jafari A, Mehran M, Eshraghi SS, Barati A. Early detection of oral bacteria causing gum infections and dental caries in children. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(1):49-55.
