Synthesis and characterization of silica nano particles-based imprinted polymers for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human plasma
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are polymers designed to selectively recognize specific molecules or related compounds. They are created using template molecules, which are later removed, leaving behind cavities tailored to the template's structure. This study aimed to synthesize MIPs for detecting HSV-1 suspended in Human plasma.
Materials and Methods: For synthesizing Silica Nanoparticles and virus-imprinted particles, the Stöber and Sol-gel methods were employed to detect HSV-1 in human plasma. Moreover, ultra-sonication for washing and removal of HSV-1 from VIP, and FESEM were used to determine the shape, size, and characteristics of the synthesized particles. Additionally, DLS was used to confirm the size of particles. MTT assay was employed for cell viability, and TCID50/ml was used for measuring infectious viral titer. Real-time PCR as a molecular assay for virus genome quantification was applied.
Results: The average size of gold-coated freeze-dried SNPs and VIPs was analyzed by FESEM, and the results were 332 and 390 nm, respectively. DLS results showed an average size of 362, 521, and 648 nm for SNPs, VIPs, and NIPs. The VIP cavity size was 156 nm, which was specific for HSV-1. The Real-time PCR confirmed the removal of HSV-1.
Conclusion: The imprinted particles could specifically bind to HSV-1.
1. Haupt K, Medina Rangel PX, Bui BTS. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Antibody Mimics for Bioimaging and Therapy. Chem Rev 2020;120:9554-9582.
2. Cumbo A, Lorber B, Corvini PFX, Meier W, Shahgaldian P. A synthetic nanomaterial for virus recognition produced by surface imprinting. Nat Commun 2013;4:1503-1507.
3. El-Schich Z, Zhang Y, Feith M, Beyer S, Sternbæk L, Ohlsson L, et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers in biological applications. Biotechniques 2020;69:406-419.
4. Bolisay LD, Kofinas P. Imprinted Polymer Hydrogels for the Separation of Viruses. Macromol Symp 2010;291–292:302-306.
5. Vasapollo G, Sole R Del, Mergola L, Lazzoi MR, Scardino A, Scorrano S, et al. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Present and Future Prospective. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:5908-5945.
6. Choi Y, Hwang JH, Lee SY. Recent Trends in Nanomaterials‐Based Colorimetric Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses. Small Methods 2018;2:1-9.
7. Singh R, Verma R, Kaushik A, Sumana G, Sood S, Gupta RK, et al. Chitosan–iron oxide nano-composite platform for mismatch-discriminating DNA hybridization for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection causing sexually transmitted disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2011;26:2967-2974.
8. Bridle H, Balharry D, Gaiser B, Johnston H. Exploitation of Nanotechnology for the Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Priorities. Environ. Sci Technol 2015;49:10762-1077.
9. Lifson MA, Ozen MO, Inci F, Wang S, Inan H, Baday M, et al. Advances in biosensing strategies for HIV-1 detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016;103:90-104.
10. Vidic J, Manzano M, Chang CM, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Advanced biosensors for detection of pathogens related to livestock and poultry. Vet Res 2017;48:11.
11. Yoo SM, Lee SY. Optical iosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol 2016;34:7-25.
12. Altintas Z, Gittens M, Guerreiro A, Thompson KA, Walker J, Piletsky S, et al. Detection of Waterborne Viruses Using High Affinity Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Anal Chem 2015;87:6801-6807.
13. Jia M, Zhang Z, Li J, Ma X, Chen L, Yang X. Molecular imprinting technology for microorganism analysis. Trac Trends Anal Chem 2018;106:190-201.
14. Zhang J, Wang Y, Lu X. Molecular imprinting technology for sensing foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021;413:4581-4598.
15. Bruckmann F da S, Nunes FB, Salles T da R, Franco C, Cadoná FC, Bohn Rhoden CR. Biological Applications of Silica-Based Nanoparticles. Magnetochemistry 2022;8:131.
16. Uzun L, Say R, Ünal S, Denizli A. Hepatitis B surface antibody purification with hepatitis B surface antibody imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-l-tyrosine methyl ester) particles. J Chromatogr B 2009;877:181-188.
17. Uzun L, Say R, Ünal S, Denizli A. Production of surface plasmon resonance based assay kit for hepatitis diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2009;24:2878-2884.
18. Nandy Chatterjee T, Bandyopadhyay R. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Technology for Rapid Testing of COVID-19. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng 2020;5:225-228.
19. Refaat D, Aggour MG, Farghali AA, Mahajan R, Wiklander JG, Nicholls IA, et al. Strategies for Molecular Imprinting and the Evolution of MIP Nanoparticles as Plastic Antibodies—Synthesis and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 6304.
20. Parisi OI, Dattilo M, Patitucci F, Malivindi R, Delbue S, Ferrante P, et al. Design and development of plastic antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD based on molecularly imprinted polymers that inhibit in vitro virus infection. Nanoscale 2021;13:16885-16899.
21. Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller. Medical Microbiology, . 8th ed. In. Elsevier; 2015. p. 426-46.
22. Razani E, Aghayan HR, Alavi-Moghadam S, Yari F, Gharehbaghian A, Sharifi Z. A comparative study of pathogen inactivation technologies in human platelet lysate and its optimal efficiency in human placenta-derived stem cells culture. J Virol Methods 2022;302:114478.
23. Joshi S, Rao A, Lehmler HJ, Knutson BL, Rankin SE. Interfacial molecular imprinting of Stöber particle surfaces: A simple approach to targeted saccharide adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014;428:101-110.
24. Kawano M., Breiman R.F., Clemens J., Goldenthal K., Dale Horne A., Kamiya H., et al. World Health Organization, 2004. WHO Technical Report, Series No.924. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 21]. Report. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/guidelines-on-clinical-evaluation-of-vaccines-regulatory-expectations
25. Gast M, Kühner S, Sobek H, Walther P, Mizaikoff B. Enhanced Selectivity by Passivation: Molecular Imprints for Viruses with Exceptional Binding Properties. Anal Chem 2018;90:5576-5585.
26. Altintas Z, Pocock J, Thompson KA, Tothill IE. Comparative investigations for adenovirus recognition and quantification: Plastic or natural antibodies? Biosens Bioelectron 2015;74:996-1004.
27. Yang B, Gong H, Chen C, Chen X, Cai C. A virus resonance light scattering sensor based on mussel-inspired molecularly imprinted polymers for high sensitive and high selective detection of Hepatitis A Virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2017;87:679-685.
28. Su CC, Wu TZ, Chen LK, Yang HH, Tai DF. Development of immunochips for the detection of dengue viral antigens. Anal Chim Acta 2003;479:117-123.
29. Luo L, Yang J, Liang K, Chen C, Chen X, Cai C. Fast and sensitive detection of Japanese encephalitis virus based on a magnetic molecular imprinted polymer–resonance light scattering sensor. Talanta 2019;202:21-26.
30. Wangchareansak T, Thitithanyanont A, Chuakheaw D, Gleeson MP, Lieberzeit PA, Sangma C. Influenza A virus molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in virus sub-type classification. J Mater Chem B 2013;1:2190.
31. Tancharoen C, Sukjee W, Thepparit C, Jaimipuk T, Auewarakul P, Thitithanyanont A, et al. Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Surface Imprinting for Zika Virus Detection in Serum. ACS Sens 2019;4:69-75.
32. Klangprapan S, Choke-arpornchai B, Lieberzeit PA, Choowongkomon K. Sensing the classical swine fever virus with molecularly imprinted polymer on quartz crystal microbalance. Heliyon 2020;6(6):e04137.
33. Sykora S, Cumbo A, Belliot G, Pothier P, Arnal C, Dudal Y, et al. Virus-like particles as virus substitutes to design artificial virus-recognition nanomaterials. Chem Commun 2015;51:2256-2258.
2. Cumbo A, Lorber B, Corvini PFX, Meier W, Shahgaldian P. A synthetic nanomaterial for virus recognition produced by surface imprinting. Nat Commun 2013;4:1503-1507.
3. El-Schich Z, Zhang Y, Feith M, Beyer S, Sternbæk L, Ohlsson L, et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers in biological applications. Biotechniques 2020;69:406-419.
4. Bolisay LD, Kofinas P. Imprinted Polymer Hydrogels for the Separation of Viruses. Macromol Symp 2010;291–292:302-306.
5. Vasapollo G, Sole R Del, Mergola L, Lazzoi MR, Scardino A, Scorrano S, et al. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Present and Future Prospective. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:5908-5945.
6. Choi Y, Hwang JH, Lee SY. Recent Trends in Nanomaterials‐Based Colorimetric Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses. Small Methods 2018;2:1-9.
7. Singh R, Verma R, Kaushik A, Sumana G, Sood S, Gupta RK, et al. Chitosan–iron oxide nano-composite platform for mismatch-discriminating DNA hybridization for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection causing sexually transmitted disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2011;26:2967-2974.
8. Bridle H, Balharry D, Gaiser B, Johnston H. Exploitation of Nanotechnology for the Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Priorities. Environ. Sci Technol 2015;49:10762-1077.
9. Lifson MA, Ozen MO, Inci F, Wang S, Inan H, Baday M, et al. Advances in biosensing strategies for HIV-1 detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016;103:90-104.
10. Vidic J, Manzano M, Chang CM, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Advanced biosensors for detection of pathogens related to livestock and poultry. Vet Res 2017;48:11.
11. Yoo SM, Lee SY. Optical iosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol 2016;34:7-25.
12. Altintas Z, Gittens M, Guerreiro A, Thompson KA, Walker J, Piletsky S, et al. Detection of Waterborne Viruses Using High Affinity Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Anal Chem 2015;87:6801-6807.
13. Jia M, Zhang Z, Li J, Ma X, Chen L, Yang X. Molecular imprinting technology for microorganism analysis. Trac Trends Anal Chem 2018;106:190-201.
14. Zhang J, Wang Y, Lu X. Molecular imprinting technology for sensing foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021;413:4581-4598.
15. Bruckmann F da S, Nunes FB, Salles T da R, Franco C, Cadoná FC, Bohn Rhoden CR. Biological Applications of Silica-Based Nanoparticles. Magnetochemistry 2022;8:131.
16. Uzun L, Say R, Ünal S, Denizli A. Hepatitis B surface antibody purification with hepatitis B surface antibody imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-l-tyrosine methyl ester) particles. J Chromatogr B 2009;877:181-188.
17. Uzun L, Say R, Ünal S, Denizli A. Production of surface plasmon resonance based assay kit for hepatitis diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2009;24:2878-2884.
18. Nandy Chatterjee T, Bandyopadhyay R. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Technology for Rapid Testing of COVID-19. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng 2020;5:225-228.
19. Refaat D, Aggour MG, Farghali AA, Mahajan R, Wiklander JG, Nicholls IA, et al. Strategies for Molecular Imprinting and the Evolution of MIP Nanoparticles as Plastic Antibodies—Synthesis and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 6304.
20. Parisi OI, Dattilo M, Patitucci F, Malivindi R, Delbue S, Ferrante P, et al. Design and development of plastic antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD based on molecularly imprinted polymers that inhibit in vitro virus infection. Nanoscale 2021;13:16885-16899.
21. Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller. Medical Microbiology, . 8th ed. In. Elsevier; 2015. p. 426-46.
22. Razani E, Aghayan HR, Alavi-Moghadam S, Yari F, Gharehbaghian A, Sharifi Z. A comparative study of pathogen inactivation technologies in human platelet lysate and its optimal efficiency in human placenta-derived stem cells culture. J Virol Methods 2022;302:114478.
23. Joshi S, Rao A, Lehmler HJ, Knutson BL, Rankin SE. Interfacial molecular imprinting of Stöber particle surfaces: A simple approach to targeted saccharide adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014;428:101-110.
24. Kawano M., Breiman R.F., Clemens J., Goldenthal K., Dale Horne A., Kamiya H., et al. World Health Organization, 2004. WHO Technical Report, Series No.924. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 21]. Report. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/guidelines-on-clinical-evaluation-of-vaccines-regulatory-expectations
25. Gast M, Kühner S, Sobek H, Walther P, Mizaikoff B. Enhanced Selectivity by Passivation: Molecular Imprints for Viruses with Exceptional Binding Properties. Anal Chem 2018;90:5576-5585.
26. Altintas Z, Pocock J, Thompson KA, Tothill IE. Comparative investigations for adenovirus recognition and quantification: Plastic or natural antibodies? Biosens Bioelectron 2015;74:996-1004.
27. Yang B, Gong H, Chen C, Chen X, Cai C. A virus resonance light scattering sensor based on mussel-inspired molecularly imprinted polymers for high sensitive and high selective detection of Hepatitis A Virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2017;87:679-685.
28. Su CC, Wu TZ, Chen LK, Yang HH, Tai DF. Development of immunochips for the detection of dengue viral antigens. Anal Chim Acta 2003;479:117-123.
29. Luo L, Yang J, Liang K, Chen C, Chen X, Cai C. Fast and sensitive detection of Japanese encephalitis virus based on a magnetic molecular imprinted polymer–resonance light scattering sensor. Talanta 2019;202:21-26.
30. Wangchareansak T, Thitithanyanont A, Chuakheaw D, Gleeson MP, Lieberzeit PA, Sangma C. Influenza A virus molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in virus sub-type classification. J Mater Chem B 2013;1:2190.
31. Tancharoen C, Sukjee W, Thepparit C, Jaimipuk T, Auewarakul P, Thitithanyanont A, et al. Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Surface Imprinting for Zika Virus Detection in Serum. ACS Sens 2019;4:69-75.
32. Klangprapan S, Choke-arpornchai B, Lieberzeit PA, Choowongkomon K. Sensing the classical swine fever virus with molecularly imprinted polymer on quartz crystal microbalance. Heliyon 2020;6(6):e04137.
33. Sykora S, Cumbo A, Belliot G, Pothier P, Arnal C, Dudal Y, et al. Virus-like particles as virus substitutes to design artificial virus-recognition nanomaterials. Chem Commun 2015;51:2256-2258.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2026) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 Viruses Molecular imprinting Silicon dioxide Nanoparticles Plasma | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Attaran M, Hosseini SM, Sharifi Z, Jahanfar M. Synthesis and characterization of silica nano particles-based imprinted polymers for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human plasma. Iran J Microbiol. 2026;18(2):268-278.
