Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspeptic patients attending Baghdad medical city complex
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dyspepsia is a disorder characterized by difficulty in digestion and represents a major health concern. Therefore, it is crucial to identify functional dyspepsia linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This research aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori among patients with dyspepsia and to examine the potential risk factors associated with the infection.
Materials and Methods: From August 14th to September 21st, 2024, a total of 105 patients with dyspepsia, who attended the Central Laboratory of Baghdad Medical City Complex (Iraq), were enrolled in this study. Data on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), smoking, family history, fasting habits and frequent fast food consumption were collected through participant interviews.
Results: Based on the urea breath test results, dyspeptic patients were categorized into infected (63.8%) and non-infected (36.2%) groups. Factors that influenced these patients included the intake of NSAIDs (48.6%), smoking (21.9%), family history (29.5%), fasting habits (36.2%) and regular consumption of fast food (57.1%).
Conclusion: Dyspeptic patients exhibit a high prevalence of H. pylori infection, indicating the significant impact of H. pylori on this population. However, the intake of NSAIDs, smoking, family history, fasting habits and regular fast food consumption have no significant effects on the presence of H. pylori.
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9. Duncanson K, Burns G, Pryor J, Keely S, Talley NJ. Mechanisms of food-induced symptom induction and dietary management in functional dyspepsia. Nutrients 2021; 13: 1109.
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11. Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 719-731.e3.
12. Săsăran MO, Meliț LE, Dobru ED. MicroRNA modulation of host immune response and inflammation triggered by Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 1406.
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14. Borka Balas R, Meliț LE, Mărginean CO. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Children (Basel) 2022; 9: 1359.
15. Sokolova O, Naumann M. Matrix metalloproteinases in Helicobacter pylori-Associated gastritis and gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 1883.
16. Alzoubi H, Al-Mnayyis AA, Al Rfoa I, Aqel A, Abu-Lubad M, Hamdan O, et al. The use of 13C-urea breath test for non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in comparison to endoscopy and stool antigen test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10: 448.
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18. Narayanan M, Reddy KM, Marsicano E. Peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Mo Med 2018; 115: 219-224.
19. Kang SJ, Park B, Shin CM. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for functional dyspepsia: a meta-analysis by region and H. pylori prevalence. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 1324.
20. O'Connor HJ. Forty years of Helicobacter pylori infection and changes in findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Helicobacter 2023; 28(6): e13026.
21. Sankararaman S, Moosavi L (2024). Urea Breath Test. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194426/
22. Miftahussurur M, Windia A, Syam AF, Nusi IA, Alfaray RI, Fauzia KA, et al. Diagnostic value of 14C urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori detection compared by histopathology in indonesian dyspeptic patients. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14: 291-296.
23. Nkurunziza A, Dusabejambo V, Everhart K, Bensen S, Walker T. Validation of the Kinyarwanda-version Short-Form leeds dyspepsia questionnaire and Short-Form nepean Dyspepsia index to assess dyspepsia prevalence and quality-of-life impact in Rwanda. BMJ Open 2016; 6(6): e011018.
24. Koduru P, Irani M, Quigley EM. Definition, pathogenesis, and management of that cursed dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 467-479.
25. Kim SE, Park YS, Kim N, Kim MS, Jo HJ, Shin CM, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on functional dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 233-243.
26. Sjomina O, Pavlova J, Niv Y, Leja M. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2018; 23 Suppl 1: e12514.
27. Jiang J-X, Liu Q, Mao X-Y, Zhang H-H, Zhang G-X, Xu S-F. Downward trend in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections and corresponding frequent upper gastrointestinal diseases profile changes in Southeastern China between 2003 and 2012. Springerplus 2016; 5: 1601.
28. Al-Sabbagh WRM, Yahya AQ, Alsafi RA. Are Histopathological changes of H. pylori infection in young Dyspeptic patients Necessitate Endoscopy? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7: 3211-3215.
29. Sharma PK, Salaria S, Manrai M, Srivastava S, Kumar D, Singh AR. Helicobacter pylori infection in non-ulcer dyspepsia: A cross-sectional study. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78: 180-184.
30. Alazmi WM, Siddique I, Alateeqi N, Al-Nakib B. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among new outpatients with dyspepsia in Kuwait. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 14.
31. Leylabadlo HE, Kafil HS, Yousefi M. Gastric cancer mortality in a high-incidence area (Ardabil Province, Northwest Iran): what risk factors are causative? Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 25: 573-574.
32. Saeed AY, Rashad BH, Ali BN, Sulaivany AH, Ibrahim KS. Helicobacter pylori infection: Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment efficacy in Symptomatic patients in zakho city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Cureus 2024; 16(11): e73873.
33. Majeed PD, Khoshnaw KJS. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with gastroduodenal disorders in Erbil city. Diyala J Med 2020; 18: 91-101.
34. Zhang F, Pu K, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Chen Z, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Wuwei cohort of north-western China. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26: 290-300.
35. Saadi HMS, Saeed AY. Laboratory diagnosis of H. pylori among dyspeptic patients using culture and Rapid urease test. Kurd J Appl Res 2019; 4: 174-181.
36. Yahya NB. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in children in Duhok City, Iraq. Sci J Univ Zakho 2018; 6: 82-84.
37. Hussein RA, Al-Ouqaili MT, Majeed YH. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and non-invasive techniques in patients with gastrointestinal diseases from Iraq: A validation study. PLoS One 2021; 16(8): e0256393.
38. Abdul Aziz AF, Hamzah Z, Tong SF, Nadeson S, Wan Puteh SE. Helicobacter pylori related dyspepsia: prevalence and treatment outcomes at University Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary care Centre. Asia Pac Fam Med 2009; 8: 4.
39. Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AT, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30.
2. Piriyapong K, Tangaroonsanti A, Mahachai V, Vilaichone R-K. Helicobacter pylori infection impacts on functional dyspepsia in Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 10887-10891.
3. Miwa H, Nagahara A, Asakawa A, Arai M, Oshima T, Kasugai K, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for functional dyspepsia 2021. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57: 47-61.
4. Karakan T, Ozkul C, Küpeli Akkol E, Bilici S, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Gut-brain-microbiota axis: Antibiotics and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13: 389.
5. Oustamanolakis P, Tack J. Dyspepsia: organic versus functional. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46: 175-190.
6. Som S, Dutta Banik G, Maity A, Chaudhuri S, Pradhan M. Exhaled nitric oxide as a potential marker for detecting non-ulcer dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease. J Breath Res 2018; 12: 026005.
7. Wang X, Liu H, Li W, Xiao H. Bibliometric analysis of functional dyspepsia research trends over the past 20 years. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 1019110.
8. Volarić M, Šojat D, Majnarić LT, Vučić D. The Association between functional Dyspepsia and Metabolic Syndrome-The state of the Art. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21: 237.
9. Duncanson K, Burns G, Pryor J, Keely S, Talley NJ. Mechanisms of food-induced symptom induction and dietary management in functional dyspepsia. Nutrients 2021; 13: 1109.
10. Emile SH, Elshobaky A, Elbanna HG, Elkashef W, Abdel-Razik MA. Helicobacter pylori, sleeve gastrectomy, and gastroesophageal reflux disease; is there a relation? Obes Surg 2020; 30: 3037-3045.
11. Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 719-731.e3.
12. Săsăran MO, Meliț LE, Dobru ED. MicroRNA modulation of host immune response and inflammation triggered by Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 1406.
13. Altamimi E, Alsharkhat N, AlJawarneh A, Abu Hamad MDR, Assi AA, Alawneh S, et al. Declining prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Jordanian children, report from developing country. Heliyon 2020; 6(7): e04416.
14. Borka Balas R, Meliț LE, Mărginean CO. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Children (Basel) 2022; 9: 1359.
15. Sokolova O, Naumann M. Matrix metalloproteinases in Helicobacter pylori-Associated gastritis and gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 1883.
16. Alzoubi H, Al-Mnayyis AA, Al Rfoa I, Aqel A, Abu-Lubad M, Hamdan O, et al. The use of 13C-urea breath test for non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in comparison to endoscopy and stool antigen test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10: 448.
17. Peretz A, On A, Koifman A, Brodsky D, Isakovich N, Glyatman T, et al. An efficiency comparison between three invasive methods for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections: Culture from stomach biopsy, rapid urease test (CUTest®), and histologic examination of gastric biopsy. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015; 45: 148-151.
18. Narayanan M, Reddy KM, Marsicano E. Peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Mo Med 2018; 115: 219-224.
19. Kang SJ, Park B, Shin CM. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for functional dyspepsia: a meta-analysis by region and H. pylori prevalence. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 1324.
20. O'Connor HJ. Forty years of Helicobacter pylori infection and changes in findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Helicobacter 2023; 28(6): e13026.
21. Sankararaman S, Moosavi L (2024). Urea Breath Test. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194426/
22. Miftahussurur M, Windia A, Syam AF, Nusi IA, Alfaray RI, Fauzia KA, et al. Diagnostic value of 14C urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori detection compared by histopathology in indonesian dyspeptic patients. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14: 291-296.
23. Nkurunziza A, Dusabejambo V, Everhart K, Bensen S, Walker T. Validation of the Kinyarwanda-version Short-Form leeds dyspepsia questionnaire and Short-Form nepean Dyspepsia index to assess dyspepsia prevalence and quality-of-life impact in Rwanda. BMJ Open 2016; 6(6): e011018.
24. Koduru P, Irani M, Quigley EM. Definition, pathogenesis, and management of that cursed dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 467-479.
25. Kim SE, Park YS, Kim N, Kim MS, Jo HJ, Shin CM, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on functional dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 233-243.
26. Sjomina O, Pavlova J, Niv Y, Leja M. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2018; 23 Suppl 1: e12514.
27. Jiang J-X, Liu Q, Mao X-Y, Zhang H-H, Zhang G-X, Xu S-F. Downward trend in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections and corresponding frequent upper gastrointestinal diseases profile changes in Southeastern China between 2003 and 2012. Springerplus 2016; 5: 1601.
28. Al-Sabbagh WRM, Yahya AQ, Alsafi RA. Are Histopathological changes of H. pylori infection in young Dyspeptic patients Necessitate Endoscopy? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7: 3211-3215.
29. Sharma PK, Salaria S, Manrai M, Srivastava S, Kumar D, Singh AR. Helicobacter pylori infection in non-ulcer dyspepsia: A cross-sectional study. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78: 180-184.
30. Alazmi WM, Siddique I, Alateeqi N, Al-Nakib B. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among new outpatients with dyspepsia in Kuwait. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 14.
31. Leylabadlo HE, Kafil HS, Yousefi M. Gastric cancer mortality in a high-incidence area (Ardabil Province, Northwest Iran): what risk factors are causative? Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 25: 573-574.
32. Saeed AY, Rashad BH, Ali BN, Sulaivany AH, Ibrahim KS. Helicobacter pylori infection: Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment efficacy in Symptomatic patients in zakho city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Cureus 2024; 16(11): e73873.
33. Majeed PD, Khoshnaw KJS. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with gastroduodenal disorders in Erbil city. Diyala J Med 2020; 18: 91-101.
34. Zhang F, Pu K, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Chen Z, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Wuwei cohort of north-western China. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26: 290-300.
35. Saadi HMS, Saeed AY. Laboratory diagnosis of H. pylori among dyspeptic patients using culture and Rapid urease test. Kurd J Appl Res 2019; 4: 174-181.
36. Yahya NB. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in children in Duhok City, Iraq. Sci J Univ Zakho 2018; 6: 82-84.
37. Hussein RA, Al-Ouqaili MT, Majeed YH. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and non-invasive techniques in patients with gastrointestinal diseases from Iraq: A validation study. PLoS One 2021; 16(8): e0256393.
38. Abdul Aziz AF, Hamzah Z, Tong SF, Nadeson S, Wan Puteh SE. Helicobacter pylori related dyspepsia: prevalence and treatment outcomes at University Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary care Centre. Asia Pac Fam Med 2009; 8: 4.
39. Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AT, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v17i3.18822 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dyspepsia Helicobacter pylori Infection control | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ibrahim B, Salman H, Mohammed M, Mjeed H. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspeptic patients attending Baghdad medical city complex. Iran J Microbiol. 2025;17(3):397-403.
