New nano-chemotherapeutic chitosans-garlic oil-antibiotics against diabetic foot virulent Proteus spp.
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes foot ulcer is recognized to have a major side effect that raises the risk of amputation. Diabetic ulcer bacterial infections caused by virulent and resistant bacteria like Proteus mirabilis lead to serious wounds that are incurable with conventional medications.
Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of a natural product nanochitosan - garlic oil against ten diabetic foot isolates of Proteus mirabilis. Various chitosans (Crab (CScr) - shrimp (CSsh) - squilla (CSsq)) in nano form were prepared and coated with garlic oil (GO). GC-MS analysis was carried out to determine the main components of the essential garlic oil. The physicochemical properties of GO-NCSsq were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potentials (ZP) and subsequently scan electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were determined.
Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of major palmitic fatty acid. (GO) loaded on nanochitosan squilla (NCSsq) showed high activity. Although SEM showed lower nano-size, average size of the GO-NCSsq was 330.8 nm by DLS and its zeta potential formulation was +39.6 mV. The final formulation represented by GO-NCSsq + Pipercillin (Pi) inhibited the virulence factor of P. mirabilis and reduced the MIC value (p-value > 0.001). Moreover, the killing time at 9 h was found to be significantly higher for GO-NCSsq + pipercillin (Pi) against P. mirabilis.
Conclusion: In order to manage diabetic foot infections, GO-NCSsq is a legitimate antibacterial agent that can be coupled with other antibiotics.
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24. Alghuthaymi MA, Diab AM, Elzahy AF, Mazrou KE, Tayel AA, Moussa SH. Green biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by cinnamon extract and their antimicrobial activity and application as edible coatings with nano-chitosan. J Food Qual 2021; 2021: 1-10.
25. Pappas SA, Turaga U, Kumar N, Ramkumar S, Kendall RJ. Uptake of silver from polyvinyl pyrrolidine coated silver nanoparticles in a terrestrial system. Int J Environ Agric Res 2017; 3: 104-114.
26. Yasin G, Jasim SA, Mahmudiono T, Al-Shawi SG, Shichiyakh RA, Shoukat S, et al. Investigating the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil on foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. Food Sci Technol 2022; 42: e03822.
27. Altiok D, Altiok E, Tihminlioglu F. Physical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films incorporated with thyme oil for potential wound healing applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21: 2227-2236.
28. Ghonam HE, Abu Yousef MA, Gohar YM, Almeer R, Barakat KM. A new antidiabetic foot bacteria formula from marine chitosan nanosilver-metal complex. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28: 60833-60841.
29. Akhlaq A, Ashraf M, Ovais Omer M, Altaf I. Synergistic antibacterial activity of carvacrol loaded chitosan nanoparticles with Topoisomerase inhibitors and genotoxicity evaluation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30: 103765.
30. Scolari IR, Páez PL, Granero GE. Synergistic bactericidal combinations between gentamicin and chitosan capped ZnO nanoparticles: A promising strategy for repositioning this first-line antibiotic. Heliyon 2024; 10(3): e25604.
31. Huang L, Dai T, Xuan Y, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Synergistic combination of chitosan acetate with nanoparticle silver as a topical antimicrobial: Efficacy against bacterial burn infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 3432-3438.
32. Fahimirad S, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Abtahi H, Sarlak N. Antimicrobial activity, stability and wound healing performances of chitosan nanoparticles loaded recombinant LL37 antimicrobial peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27: 2505-2515.
33. Haitao Y, Yifan C, Mingchao S, Shuaijuan H. A Novel polymeric nanohybrid Antimicrobial engineered by Antimicrobial peptide MccJ25 and chitosan nanoparticles exerts strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Front Immunol 2022; 12: 811381.
2. Armbruster CE, Mobley HL. Merging mythology and morphology: The multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10: 743-754.
3. Sekhar S, Vyas N, Unnikrishnan M, Rodrigues G, Mukhopadhyay C. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in diabetic foot ulcer: A pilot study. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4: 742-745.
4. Khayyat AN, Abbas HA, Mohamed MFA, Asfour HZ, Khayat MT, Ibrahim TS, et al. Not only antimicrobial: Metronidazole mitigates the virulence of Proteus mirabilis isolated from macerated diabetic foot ulcer. Appl Sci 2021; 11: 6847.
5. Tesfaye A. Revealing the therapeutic uses of garlic (Allium sativum) and its potential for drug discovery. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021: 8817288.
6. Tesfaye A, Mengesha W. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of garlic (Allium Sativum) and its biological active compounds. Int J Sci Res Sci Eng Technol 2015; 1: 142-148.
7. Harugade A, Sherje AP, Pethe A. Chitosan: A review on properties, biological activities and recent progress in biomedical applications. React Funct Polym 2023; 191: 105634.
8. Shariatinia Z. Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 263: 131-194.
9. Mondéjar-López M, Rubio-Moraga A, López-Jimenez AJ, Martínez JC, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil: A new alternative to tebuconazole as seed dressing agent. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277: 118815.
10. Patel S, Srivastava S, Singh MR, Singh D. Mechanistic insight into diabetic wounds: pathogenesis, molecular targets and treatment strategies to pace wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112: 108615.
11. Pearson MM. Culture methods for Proteus mirabilis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2021: 5-13.
12. Jawad AH, Mubarak NSA, Sabar S. Adsorption and mechanism study for reactive red 120 dye removal by cross-linked chitosan-epichlorohydrin biobeads. Desalin Water Treat 2019; 164: 378-387.
13. Tyers M, Wright G. Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17: 141-155.
14. Aiyegoro O, Adewusi A, Oyedemi S, Akinpelu D, Okoh A. Interactions of antibiotics and methanolic crude extracts of Afzelia Africana (Smith.) against drug resistance bacterial isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 4477-4503.
15. Lee JY, Oh WS, Ko KS, Heo ST, Moon CS, Ki HK, et al. Synergy of arbekacin-based combinations against vancomycin hetero-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21: 188-192.
16. Tang Z-H, Hou C-L, Chen Q-Q. Experimental study on bacteriostasis of chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2002; 16: 259-261.
17. Shanmugam A, Kathiresan K, Nayak L. Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885). Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2015; 9: 25-30.
18. Ranjbar-Omid M, Arzanlou M, Amani M, Shokri Al-Hashem SK, Amir Mozafari N, Peeri Doghaheh H. Allicin from garlic inhibits the biofilm formation and urease activity of Proteus mirabilis in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362: fnv049.
19. Mathur S, Udgire M, Khambhapati A. Effect of essential oils on biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2013; 4: B1282-B1289.
20. Alyasari HF, Al-Khafaji J, Al-Masoudi HK. Inhibitory effects of Garlic extract on uropathogenic Escherichia coli; Proteus mirabilis and Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from urogenital tract cases. Res J Pharm Technol 2018; 11: 1071-1077.
21. Daniel SCGK, Banu BN, Harshiny M, Nehru K, Ganesh PS, Kumaran S, et al. Ipomea carnea-based silver nanoparticle synthesis for antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens. J Exp Nanosci 2014; 9: 197-209.
22. Elghobashy SA, Mohammed ABA, Tayel AA, Alshubaily FA, Abdella A. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities. e-Polymers 2022; 22: 997-1006.
23. Natrajan D, Srinivasan S, Sundar K, Ravindran A. Formulation of essential oil-loaded chitosan–alginate nanocapsules. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23: 560-568.
24. Alghuthaymi MA, Diab AM, Elzahy AF, Mazrou KE, Tayel AA, Moussa SH. Green biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by cinnamon extract and their antimicrobial activity and application as edible coatings with nano-chitosan. J Food Qual 2021; 2021: 1-10.
25. Pappas SA, Turaga U, Kumar N, Ramkumar S, Kendall RJ. Uptake of silver from polyvinyl pyrrolidine coated silver nanoparticles in a terrestrial system. Int J Environ Agric Res 2017; 3: 104-114.
26. Yasin G, Jasim SA, Mahmudiono T, Al-Shawi SG, Shichiyakh RA, Shoukat S, et al. Investigating the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil on foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. Food Sci Technol 2022; 42: e03822.
27. Altiok D, Altiok E, Tihminlioglu F. Physical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films incorporated with thyme oil for potential wound healing applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21: 2227-2236.
28. Ghonam HE, Abu Yousef MA, Gohar YM, Almeer R, Barakat KM. A new antidiabetic foot bacteria formula from marine chitosan nanosilver-metal complex. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28: 60833-60841.
29. Akhlaq A, Ashraf M, Ovais Omer M, Altaf I. Synergistic antibacterial activity of carvacrol loaded chitosan nanoparticles with Topoisomerase inhibitors and genotoxicity evaluation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30: 103765.
30. Scolari IR, Páez PL, Granero GE. Synergistic bactericidal combinations between gentamicin and chitosan capped ZnO nanoparticles: A promising strategy for repositioning this first-line antibiotic. Heliyon 2024; 10(3): e25604.
31. Huang L, Dai T, Xuan Y, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Synergistic combination of chitosan acetate with nanoparticle silver as a topical antimicrobial: Efficacy against bacterial burn infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 3432-3438.
32. Fahimirad S, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Abtahi H, Sarlak N. Antimicrobial activity, stability and wound healing performances of chitosan nanoparticles loaded recombinant LL37 antimicrobial peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27: 2505-2515.
33. Haitao Y, Yifan C, Mingchao S, Shuaijuan H. A Novel polymeric nanohybrid Antimicrobial engineered by Antimicrobial peptide MccJ25 and chitosan nanoparticles exerts strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Front Immunol 2022; 12: 811381.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 5 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i5.16802 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Antidiabeitic agents; Garlic oil; Nanochitosan; Proteus spp; Synergy | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Barakat K, Gohar Y, Ghonam H, Bashir G. New nano-chemotherapeutic chitosans-garlic oil-antibiotics against diabetic foot virulent Proteus spp. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(5):666-675.
