Synergistic effects of Rhizobium, Bacillus and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi on enhancing cotton growth
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Telangana district is renowned for its prominence in cotton production, a crop vital to the livelihoods of local farmers. For years, synthetic fertilizers have been relied upon to bolster yields, but escalating costs have shifted focus towards biofertilizers as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative.
Materials and Methods: A microbial consortium comprising Rhizobium sp. PKS, Bacillus sp. PU-7, and Funneliformis mosseae AMF was employed. Microbial identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Biochemical evaluations of consortium-inoculated plants included measurements of protein, sugar, proline, and chlorophyll levels, along with IAA quantification.
Results: A consortium of Bacillus sp. PU-7, Rhizobium sp. Pks [NCBI OK663003, NCMR-MCC4960], and Funneliformis mosseae enhanced Mahyco cultivar growth. Treatment increased plant height, fresh and dry weight, and improved biochemical profiles (reduced proline, elevated IAA, protein, chlorophyll, and sugars). Soil field trials were undertaken in four cotton-producing regions of Mahabubnagar region confirmed for efficacy, with deep black soil promoting phytohormone synthesis (IAA-917.66 ± 2.51) and light black soil (IAA- 802 ± 2) enhancing plant growth.
Conclusion: Given these outcomes, the application of the tested bioinoculants and AMF spores is suggested as an effective strategy to enhance cotton development and yield in the soils of Mahabubnagar, potentially revolutionizing the district's agricultural practices.
1. Mahanty T, Bhattacharjee S, Goswami M, Bhattacharyya P, Das B, Ghosh A, et al. Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24: 3315-3335.
2. Hayat R, Ali S, Amara U, Khalid R, Ahmed I. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol 2010; 60: 579-598.
3. Adesemoye AO, Torbert HA, Kloepper JW. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria allow reduced application rates of chemical fertilizers. Microb Ecol 2009; 58: 921-929.
4. Tian L, Lin X, Tian J, Ji L, Chen Y, Tran LP, et al. Research advances of beneficial microbiota associated with crop plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 1792.
5. Pindi PK, Sultana T, Vootla PK. Plant growth regulation of Bt-cotton through Bacillus species. 3 Biotech 2014; 4: 305-315.
6. Mundra S, Shockey J, Morsy M. Editorial: Plant microbiome: ecology, functions, and application trends. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14: 1175556.
7. Uribe D, Sanchez-Nieves J, Vanegas J (2010). Role of microbial biofertilizers in the development of a sustainable agriculture in the tropics. In Soil Biology and Agriculture in the Tropics pp.235-250.
8. Iftikhar T, Babar LK, Zahoor S, Khan NG. Best irrigation management practices in cotton. Pak J Bot 2010; 42: 3023-3028.
9. Babar LK, Iftikhar T, Khan HN, Hameed MA. Agronomic trials on sugarcane crop under Faisalabad conditions, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2011; 43: 929-935.
10. Narula N, Saharan BS, Kumar V, Bhatia R, Bishnoi LK, Lather BPS, et al. Impact of the use of biofertilizers on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop under irrigated agro-ecosystem. Arch Agron Soil Sci 2005; 51: 69-77.
11. Yao AV, Bochow H, Karimov S, Boturov U, Sanginboy S, Sharipov AK. Effect of FZB 24A® Bacillus subtilis as a biofertilizer on cotton yields in field tests. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 2006; 39: 323-328.
12. Kumar P, Thakur S, Dhingra GK, Singh A, Pal MK, Harshvardhan K, et al. Inoculation of siderophore producing rhizobacteria and their consortium for growth enhancement of wheat plant. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2018; 15: 264-269.
13. Inam-UL-Haq M, Mehmood S, Rehman HM, Ali Z, Tahir MI. Incidence of root rot diseases of soybean in Multan Pakistan and its management by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Pak J Bot 2012; 44: 2077-2080.
14. Kang SM, Khan AL, Hamayun M, Shinwari ZK, Kim YH, Joo GJ, et al. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ameliorated plant growth and influenced gibberellins and functional biochemicals. Pak J Bot 2012; 44: 365-372.
15. Kang Y, Cheng J, Mei L, Yin S. Screening and identification of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2010; 50: 853-861.
16. Ferrari BC, Winsley TJ, Bergquist PL, Van Dorst J. Flow cytometry in environmental microbiology: A rapid approach for the isolation of single cells for advanced molecular biology analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 881: 3-26.
17. Campos MM, Campos CR. Applications of quartering method in soils and foods. Int J Eng Res Appl 2017; 7: 35-39.
18. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Regulating cotton growth via Rhizobium species. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2024; 18: 1253-1264.
19. Creager ANH. Recipes for recombining DNA: A history of molecular cloning: A laboratory Manual. BJHS Themes 2020; 5: 225-243.
20. Corbett KP (2023). Nature Remade’-A critical review of the history of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and its erroneous use. https://alfavedic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/EoC-PCR-PAPER-Dr-Kevin-P-Corbett.pdf
21. Barlett JM, Stirling D. A short history of the polymerase chain reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 226: 3-6.
22. Hamid ME, Mahgoub A, Babiker AJO, Babiker HAE, Holie MAI, Elhassan MM, et al. Isolation and identification of Streptomyces spp. from desert and savanna soils in Sudan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 8749.
23. da Silva Leal AR, da Silva Ferreira AL, de Araujo-Pereira T, Torres de Sousa RL, Furtado Campos JH, Tavares Dos Reis R, et al. Eco-epidemiological aspects and risk factors associated with human Chagas disease in rural areas of the state of Piauí, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24: 1335.
24. Chun J, Lee JH, Jung Y, Kim M, Kim S, Kim BK, et al. EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57: 2259-2261.
25. Bartle L, Wellinger RJ. Methods that shaped telomerase research. Biogerontology 2024; 25: 249-263.
26. Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 2003; 52: 696-704.
27. Segura-Alabart N, Serratosa F, Fernández A. A practical study of the proportion of non-unique neighbor-joining trees of microsatellite markers. Comput Struct Biotechnol Rep 2024; 1: 100022.
28. Fodor A, Gualtieri M, Zeller M, Tarasco E, Klein MG, Fodor AM, et al. Type strains of entomopathogenic nematode-symbiotic bacterium species, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii (EMC) and X. budapestensis (EMA), are exceptional sources of non-ribosomal templated, large-target-spectral, thermotolerant-antimicrobial peptides (by both), and iodinin (by EMC). Pathogens 2022; 11: 342.
29. Gupta MK, Vadde R. Next-generation development and application of codon model in evolution. Front Genet 2023; 14: 1091575.
30. Uzoma CC. Microbial identification and classification-from phenotypic evaluations to molecular characterization. EC Microbiol 2016; 5: 01-03.
31. IChor T, Okerentugba PO, Okpokwasili GC. Molecular characterization of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon polluted brackish waters of Bodo Creeks, Rivers State Nigeria. Open J Ecol 2014; 4: 715-722.
32. Cadirci BH, Citak S. A comparison of two methods used for measuring antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria. Pak J Nutr 2005; 4: 237-241.
33. Peng Y, Cho DH, Humaira Z, Park YL, Kim KH, Kim CY, et al. Improving plant salt tolerance through Algoriphagus halophytocola sp. nov., isolated from the halophyte Salicornia europaea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15: 1466733.
34. Gomes AFR, Sousa E, Resende DISP. A practical toolkit for the detection, isolation, quantification, and characterization of siderophores and metallophores in microorganisms. ACS Omega 2024; 9: 26863-26877.
35. Rosas SB, Andres JA, Rovera M, Correa NS. Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida can influence rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Soil Biol Biochem 2006; 38: 3502-3505.
36. Arirudran B, Shalini E, Anbarasu K. Phytochemical analysis and isolation, identification of bioactive compounds present in root of Borassus flabellifer Linn. using GC/MS. J Nat Rem 2022; 22: 705-716.
37. Upadhyaya H, Dutta BK, Sahoo L, Panda SK. Comparative effect of Ca, K, Mn and B on post-drought stress recovery in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze]. Am J Plant Sci 2012; 3: 443-460.
38. Zhang G-W, Liu Z-L, Zhou J-G, Zhu Y-L. Effects of Ca(NO3)2 stress on oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes activities and polyamine contents in roots of grafted and non-grafted tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul 2008; 56: 7-19.
39. Aguoru CU, Ogbodo C, Olasan JO. Chemosystematics studies on six varieties of Mangifera indica L. Agric Sci 2017; 8: 253-259.
40. Koide RT, Mosse B. A history of research on arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 2004; 14: 145-163.
41. Arshad I, Khan ZA, Shah NH. Effect of hoagland and arnon nutrient solution on the growth and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by using stem injection technique. Int J Altern Fuels Energy 2019; 3: 25-30.
42. Boyno G, Demir S, Danesh YR. Effects of some biological agents on the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato plants infected with Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer. Eur J Plant Pathol 2022; 162: 19-29.
43. Kumar KS, Pindi PK. Data on host specificity and symbiotic association between indigenous Rhizobium BD1 strain and Vigna radiata (green gram). Data Brief 2021; 39: 107520.
44. Sarker A, Kashem A, Osman KT, Hossain I, Ahmed F. Evaluation of available phosphorus by soil test methods in an acidic soil incubated with different levels of lime and phosphorus. Open J Soil Sci 2014; 4: 103-108.
45. Moursy AR, Hassan MN, Elhefny TM. Sampling and analysis of soil and water: A review. Int J Geogr Geol Environ 2022; 4: 34-41.
46. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi and multi bioinoculants in cotton plant growth. British Microbiology Research Journal 2012; 2: 123-130.
47. Vazquez M, Cesar S, Azcon R, Barea JM. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma) and their effects on microbial populations and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of maize plants. Appl Soil Ecol 2000; 15: 261-272.
48. Bashan Y, Holguin G, de-Bashan LE. Azospirillum-plant relationships: physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances (1997-2003). Can J Microbiol 2004; 50: 521-577.
49. Pini F, Galardini M, Bazzicalupo M, Mengoni A. Plant-bacteria association and symbiosis: are there common genomic traits in Alphaproteobacteria? Genes (Basel) 2011; 2: 1017-1032.
50. Pindi PK, Sultana T. Survey on mycorrhizal colonization in roots and spore population in rhizosphere soils of different cotton varieties. Res J Agric Sci 2012; 3: 1067-1069.
51. Hafeez FY, Safdar ME, Chaudhry AU, Malik KA. Rhizobial inoculation improves seedling emergence, nutrient uptake and growth of cotton. Aust J Exp Agric 2004; 44: 617–622.
52. Lal S, Tabacchioni S. Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49: 2-10.
53. Romero-Perdomo F, Beltrán I, Mendoza-Labrador J, Estrada-Bonilla G, Bonilla R. Phosphorus nutrition and growth of cotton plants inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria under low phosphate availability. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 4: 618425.
54. Irizarry I, White JF. Application of bacteria from non-cultivated plants to promote growth, alter root architecture and alleviate salt stress of cotton. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122: 1110-1120.
55. Martinez-Viveros O, Jorquera MA, Crowley DE, Gajardo G, Mora ML. Mechanisms and practical considerations involved in plant growth promotion by Rhizobacteria. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2010; 10: 293-319.
56. Dey R, Pal KK, Bhatt DM, Chauhan SM. Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogeal L.) by application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiol Res 2004; 159: 371-394.
57. Sahin F, Cakmakci R, Kantar F. Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Plant Soil 2004; 265: 123-129.
58. Aslantaş R, Çakmakçi R, Şahin F. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions. Sci Hortic 2007; 111: 371-377.
59. Diez Mendez A, Menendez E (2020). Rhizobium presence and functions in microbiomes of Non-leguminous plants. In: Symbiotic Soil Microorganisms. Soil Biology pp.241-266. Publisher: Springer, Cham.
60. Escobar Diaz PA, Aguirre Gil OJ, Barbosa CH, Desoignies N, Rigobelo EC. Aspergillus spp. and Bacillus spp. as growth promoters in cotton plants under greenhouse conditions. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 5: 709267.
61. Ortas I, Iqbal MT. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhances growth and nutrition of cotton plant. J Plant Nutr 2019; 42: 2043-2056.
62. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Host-specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): a boost to growth and phosphorus regulation in cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2024; 18: 1841-1849.
2. Hayat R, Ali S, Amara U, Khalid R, Ahmed I. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol 2010; 60: 579-598.
3. Adesemoye AO, Torbert HA, Kloepper JW. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria allow reduced application rates of chemical fertilizers. Microb Ecol 2009; 58: 921-929.
4. Tian L, Lin X, Tian J, Ji L, Chen Y, Tran LP, et al. Research advances of beneficial microbiota associated with crop plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 1792.
5. Pindi PK, Sultana T, Vootla PK. Plant growth regulation of Bt-cotton through Bacillus species. 3 Biotech 2014; 4: 305-315.
6. Mundra S, Shockey J, Morsy M. Editorial: Plant microbiome: ecology, functions, and application trends. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14: 1175556.
7. Uribe D, Sanchez-Nieves J, Vanegas J (2010). Role of microbial biofertilizers in the development of a sustainable agriculture in the tropics. In Soil Biology and Agriculture in the Tropics pp.235-250.
8. Iftikhar T, Babar LK, Zahoor S, Khan NG. Best irrigation management practices in cotton. Pak J Bot 2010; 42: 3023-3028.
9. Babar LK, Iftikhar T, Khan HN, Hameed MA. Agronomic trials on sugarcane crop under Faisalabad conditions, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2011; 43: 929-935.
10. Narula N, Saharan BS, Kumar V, Bhatia R, Bishnoi LK, Lather BPS, et al. Impact of the use of biofertilizers on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop under irrigated agro-ecosystem. Arch Agron Soil Sci 2005; 51: 69-77.
11. Yao AV, Bochow H, Karimov S, Boturov U, Sanginboy S, Sharipov AK. Effect of FZB 24A® Bacillus subtilis as a biofertilizer on cotton yields in field tests. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 2006; 39: 323-328.
12. Kumar P, Thakur S, Dhingra GK, Singh A, Pal MK, Harshvardhan K, et al. Inoculation of siderophore producing rhizobacteria and their consortium for growth enhancement of wheat plant. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2018; 15: 264-269.
13. Inam-UL-Haq M, Mehmood S, Rehman HM, Ali Z, Tahir MI. Incidence of root rot diseases of soybean in Multan Pakistan and its management by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Pak J Bot 2012; 44: 2077-2080.
14. Kang SM, Khan AL, Hamayun M, Shinwari ZK, Kim YH, Joo GJ, et al. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ameliorated plant growth and influenced gibberellins and functional biochemicals. Pak J Bot 2012; 44: 365-372.
15. Kang Y, Cheng J, Mei L, Yin S. Screening and identification of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2010; 50: 853-861.
16. Ferrari BC, Winsley TJ, Bergquist PL, Van Dorst J. Flow cytometry in environmental microbiology: A rapid approach for the isolation of single cells for advanced molecular biology analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 881: 3-26.
17. Campos MM, Campos CR. Applications of quartering method in soils and foods. Int J Eng Res Appl 2017; 7: 35-39.
18. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Regulating cotton growth via Rhizobium species. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2024; 18: 1253-1264.
19. Creager ANH. Recipes for recombining DNA: A history of molecular cloning: A laboratory Manual. BJHS Themes 2020; 5: 225-243.
20. Corbett KP (2023). Nature Remade’-A critical review of the history of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and its erroneous use. https://alfavedic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/EoC-PCR-PAPER-Dr-Kevin-P-Corbett.pdf
21. Barlett JM, Stirling D. A short history of the polymerase chain reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 226: 3-6.
22. Hamid ME, Mahgoub A, Babiker AJO, Babiker HAE, Holie MAI, Elhassan MM, et al. Isolation and identification of Streptomyces spp. from desert and savanna soils in Sudan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 8749.
23. da Silva Leal AR, da Silva Ferreira AL, de Araujo-Pereira T, Torres de Sousa RL, Furtado Campos JH, Tavares Dos Reis R, et al. Eco-epidemiological aspects and risk factors associated with human Chagas disease in rural areas of the state of Piauí, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24: 1335.
24. Chun J, Lee JH, Jung Y, Kim M, Kim S, Kim BK, et al. EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57: 2259-2261.
25. Bartle L, Wellinger RJ. Methods that shaped telomerase research. Biogerontology 2024; 25: 249-263.
26. Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 2003; 52: 696-704.
27. Segura-Alabart N, Serratosa F, Fernández A. A practical study of the proportion of non-unique neighbor-joining trees of microsatellite markers. Comput Struct Biotechnol Rep 2024; 1: 100022.
28. Fodor A, Gualtieri M, Zeller M, Tarasco E, Klein MG, Fodor AM, et al. Type strains of entomopathogenic nematode-symbiotic bacterium species, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii (EMC) and X. budapestensis (EMA), are exceptional sources of non-ribosomal templated, large-target-spectral, thermotolerant-antimicrobial peptides (by both), and iodinin (by EMC). Pathogens 2022; 11: 342.
29. Gupta MK, Vadde R. Next-generation development and application of codon model in evolution. Front Genet 2023; 14: 1091575.
30. Uzoma CC. Microbial identification and classification-from phenotypic evaluations to molecular characterization. EC Microbiol 2016; 5: 01-03.
31. IChor T, Okerentugba PO, Okpokwasili GC. Molecular characterization of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon polluted brackish waters of Bodo Creeks, Rivers State Nigeria. Open J Ecol 2014; 4: 715-722.
32. Cadirci BH, Citak S. A comparison of two methods used for measuring antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria. Pak J Nutr 2005; 4: 237-241.
33. Peng Y, Cho DH, Humaira Z, Park YL, Kim KH, Kim CY, et al. Improving plant salt tolerance through Algoriphagus halophytocola sp. nov., isolated from the halophyte Salicornia europaea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15: 1466733.
34. Gomes AFR, Sousa E, Resende DISP. A practical toolkit for the detection, isolation, quantification, and characterization of siderophores and metallophores in microorganisms. ACS Omega 2024; 9: 26863-26877.
35. Rosas SB, Andres JA, Rovera M, Correa NS. Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida can influence rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Soil Biol Biochem 2006; 38: 3502-3505.
36. Arirudran B, Shalini E, Anbarasu K. Phytochemical analysis and isolation, identification of bioactive compounds present in root of Borassus flabellifer Linn. using GC/MS. J Nat Rem 2022; 22: 705-716.
37. Upadhyaya H, Dutta BK, Sahoo L, Panda SK. Comparative effect of Ca, K, Mn and B on post-drought stress recovery in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze]. Am J Plant Sci 2012; 3: 443-460.
38. Zhang G-W, Liu Z-L, Zhou J-G, Zhu Y-L. Effects of Ca(NO3)2 stress on oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes activities and polyamine contents in roots of grafted and non-grafted tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul 2008; 56: 7-19.
39. Aguoru CU, Ogbodo C, Olasan JO. Chemosystematics studies on six varieties of Mangifera indica L. Agric Sci 2017; 8: 253-259.
40. Koide RT, Mosse B. A history of research on arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 2004; 14: 145-163.
41. Arshad I, Khan ZA, Shah NH. Effect of hoagland and arnon nutrient solution on the growth and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by using stem injection technique. Int J Altern Fuels Energy 2019; 3: 25-30.
42. Boyno G, Demir S, Danesh YR. Effects of some biological agents on the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato plants infected with Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer. Eur J Plant Pathol 2022; 162: 19-29.
43. Kumar KS, Pindi PK. Data on host specificity and symbiotic association between indigenous Rhizobium BD1 strain and Vigna radiata (green gram). Data Brief 2021; 39: 107520.
44. Sarker A, Kashem A, Osman KT, Hossain I, Ahmed F. Evaluation of available phosphorus by soil test methods in an acidic soil incubated with different levels of lime and phosphorus. Open J Soil Sci 2014; 4: 103-108.
45. Moursy AR, Hassan MN, Elhefny TM. Sampling and analysis of soil and water: A review. Int J Geogr Geol Environ 2022; 4: 34-41.
46. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi and multi bioinoculants in cotton plant growth. British Microbiology Research Journal 2012; 2: 123-130.
47. Vazquez M, Cesar S, Azcon R, Barea JM. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma) and their effects on microbial populations and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of maize plants. Appl Soil Ecol 2000; 15: 261-272.
48. Bashan Y, Holguin G, de-Bashan LE. Azospirillum-plant relationships: physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances (1997-2003). Can J Microbiol 2004; 50: 521-577.
49. Pini F, Galardini M, Bazzicalupo M, Mengoni A. Plant-bacteria association and symbiosis: are there common genomic traits in Alphaproteobacteria? Genes (Basel) 2011; 2: 1017-1032.
50. Pindi PK, Sultana T. Survey on mycorrhizal colonization in roots and spore population in rhizosphere soils of different cotton varieties. Res J Agric Sci 2012; 3: 1067-1069.
51. Hafeez FY, Safdar ME, Chaudhry AU, Malik KA. Rhizobial inoculation improves seedling emergence, nutrient uptake and growth of cotton. Aust J Exp Agric 2004; 44: 617–622.
52. Lal S, Tabacchioni S. Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49: 2-10.
53. Romero-Perdomo F, Beltrán I, Mendoza-Labrador J, Estrada-Bonilla G, Bonilla R. Phosphorus nutrition and growth of cotton plants inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria under low phosphate availability. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 4: 618425.
54. Irizarry I, White JF. Application of bacteria from non-cultivated plants to promote growth, alter root architecture and alleviate salt stress of cotton. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122: 1110-1120.
55. Martinez-Viveros O, Jorquera MA, Crowley DE, Gajardo G, Mora ML. Mechanisms and practical considerations involved in plant growth promotion by Rhizobacteria. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2010; 10: 293-319.
56. Dey R, Pal KK, Bhatt DM, Chauhan SM. Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogeal L.) by application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiol Res 2004; 159: 371-394.
57. Sahin F, Cakmakci R, Kantar F. Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Plant Soil 2004; 265: 123-129.
58. Aslantaş R, Çakmakçi R, Şahin F. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions. Sci Hortic 2007; 111: 371-377.
59. Diez Mendez A, Menendez E (2020). Rhizobium presence and functions in microbiomes of Non-leguminous plants. In: Symbiotic Soil Microorganisms. Soil Biology pp.241-266. Publisher: Springer, Cham.
60. Escobar Diaz PA, Aguirre Gil OJ, Barbosa CH, Desoignies N, Rigobelo EC. Aspergillus spp. and Bacillus spp. as growth promoters in cotton plants under greenhouse conditions. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 5: 709267.
61. Ortas I, Iqbal MT. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhances growth and nutrition of cotton plant. J Plant Nutr 2019; 42: 2043-2056.
62. Sultana T, Pindi PK. Host-specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): a boost to growth and phosphorus regulation in cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2024; 18: 1841-1849.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v17i1.17816 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Funneliformis mosseae; Bacillus; Rhizobium; Microbial consortia; Phytohormones | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sultana T, Kumar Pindi P. Synergistic effects of Rhizobium, Bacillus and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi on enhancing cotton growth. Iran J Microbiol. 2025;17(1):180-193.
