Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with pyogenic infections
-
Sharanya Krishnakumar
,
Abdul Azeez Mohamed Khalid
,
Jothipandian Sowndarya
,
Lakshmi Krishnasamy
,
Paramasivam Nithyanand
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Staphylococcal infections are one of the major infectious diseases affecting globally in spite of advances in development of antimicrobial agents. Knowledge and awareness about the local pattern and prevalence of MRSA infections plays a key role in treatment. The aim of this study was to identify MRSA strains by phenotypic and genotypic methods and to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA strains from patients attending a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted over a period of 1 year, where 296 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from various clinical specimens. The isolated strains were examined for antibiotic susceptibility by the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was detected by cefoxitin disk diffusion test.
Results: A total of 104 isolates were found to be MRSA and 192 were found to be MSSA. Among the 104 MRSA isolates, 10 strains that were multidrug resistant were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. All the 10 strains had a 99% match with S. aureus strains that were responsible for causing some serious biofilm mediated clinical manifestations like cystic fibrosis and device mediated infections. The biofilms were quantified using crystal violet staining and their ability to produce biofilms was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and matched with the Genbank.
Conclusion: Hence these phylogenetic analysis aid in treating the patients and combating resistance to antibiotics.
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24. Delport JA, Mohorovic I, Burn S, McCormick JK, Schaus D, Lannigan R, et al. Rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia using a combined three-hour short-incubation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS identification and the Alere culture colony PBP2a detection test. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65: 626-631.
25. Panda RK, Mahapatra A, Mallick B, Chayani N. Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic methods for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern Odisha. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: DC19-DC21.
26. Thapa S, Sapkota LB. Changing trend of neonatal septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates in Nepal. Int J Pediatr 2019; 2019: 3784529.
27. Zhao A, Sun J, Liu Y. Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13: 1137947.
28. Abdeen EE, Mousa WS, Abdelsalam SY, Heikal HS, Shawish RR, Nooruzzaman M, et al. Prevalence and characterization of coagulase positive Staphylococci from food products and human specimens in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10: 75.
29. Percival SL, McCarty SM, Lipsky B. Biofilms and wounds: an overview of the evidence. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4: 373-381.
30. Rumpf C, Lange J, Schwartbeck B, Kahl BC. Staphylococcus aureus and cystic fibrosis-a close relationship. what can we learn from sequencing studies? Pathogens 2021; 10: 1177.
31. Gitau W, Masika M, Musyoki M, Museve B, Mutwiri T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11: 226.
32. Maina EK, Kiiyukia C, Wamae CN, Waiyaki PG, Kariuki S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin and soft tissue infections in patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17(2): e115-e119.
33. Aiken AM, Mutuku IM, Sabat AJ, Akkerboom V, Mwangi J, Scott JA, et al. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Thika level 5 hospital, Kenya: a cross- sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2014; 3: 22.
34. Schaumburg F, Alabi AS, Peters G, Becker K. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: 589-596.
2. Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28: 603-661.
3. Bukhari MH, Iqbal A, Khatoon N, Iqbal N, Naeem S, Qureshi GR, et al. A laboratory study of susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pak J Med Sci 2004; 20: 229-233.
4. Orrett FA. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of aerobic bacterial blood isolates: experience at a University Hospital in Trinidad. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17: 75-77.
5. Fruit AC, Wielders CL, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. Epidemiology and susceptibility of 3,051 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 25 University Hospitals participating in the European SENTRY Study. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3727-3732.
6. Ostojic M, Hukic M. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, isolated on three different geography locations. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2015; 15: 48-56.
7. Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DHH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GE, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): one health perspective approach to the bacterium epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic-resistance, and zoonotic impact. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13: 3255-3265.
8. Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveill 2010; 15: 19688.
9. Hassoun A, Linden PK, Friedman B. Incidence, prevalence, and management of MRSA bacteremia across patient populations-a review of recent developments in MRSA management and treatment. Crit Care 2017; 21: 211.
10. Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 131-139.
11. Kong EF, Johnson JK, Jabra-Rizk MA. Community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an enemy amidst us. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12(10): e1005837.
12. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. M100-Ed31, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2021.
13. Gebremeskel FT, Alemayehu T, Ali MM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility profile and associated factors among hospitalized patients at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. IJID Reg 2022;3:129-134.
14. Gawlik D, Ruppelt-Lorz A, Müller E, Reißig A, Hotzel H, Braun SD, et al. Molecular investigations on a chimeric strain of Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 80. PLoS One 2020; 15(10): e0232071.
15. Jothipandiyan S, Suresh D, Sankaran SV, Thamotharan S, Shanmugasundaram K, Vincent P, et al. Heteroleptic pincer palladium(II) complex coated orthopedic implants impede the AbaI/AbaR quorum sensing system and biofilm development by Acinetobacter baumannii. Biofouling 2022; 38: 55-70.
16. Hoffman SJ, Outterson K, Røttingen J-A, Cars O, Clift C, Rizvi Z, et al. An international legal framework to address antimicrobial resistance. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93: 66.
17. Pillai MM, Latha R, Sarkar G. Detection of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Conventional Methods: A Comparative Study. J Lab Physicians 2012; 4: 83-88.
18. Stapleton PD, Taylor PW. Methicilin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and modulation. Sci Prog 2002; 85: 57-72.
19. Velasco D, del Mar Tomas M, Cartelle M, Beceiro A, Perez A, Molina F, et al. Evaluation of different methods for detecting methicillin (oxacillin) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 379-382.
20. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J, Jones RN, et al. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32 Suppl 2: S114-S132.
21. Hirao Y, Ikeda-Dantsuji1 Y, Matsui H, Yoshida M, Hori S, Sunakawa K, et al. Low level ß-lactamase production in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with ß-lactam antibiotics-induced vancomycin resistance. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12: 69.
22. Turner NA, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Maskarinec SA, Eichenberger EM, Shah PP, Carugati M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an overview of basic and clinical research. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17: 203-218.
23. Madhavan A, Sachu A, Balakrishnan A, Vasudevan A, Balakrishnan S, Vasudevapanicker J. Comparison of PCR and phenotypic methods for the detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Iran J Microbiol 2021; 13: 31-36.
24. Delport JA, Mohorovic I, Burn S, McCormick JK, Schaus D, Lannigan R, et al. Rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia using a combined three-hour short-incubation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS identification and the Alere culture colony PBP2a detection test. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65: 626-631.
25. Panda RK, Mahapatra A, Mallick B, Chayani N. Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic methods for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern Odisha. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: DC19-DC21.
26. Thapa S, Sapkota LB. Changing trend of neonatal septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates in Nepal. Int J Pediatr 2019; 2019: 3784529.
27. Zhao A, Sun J, Liu Y. Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13: 1137947.
28. Abdeen EE, Mousa WS, Abdelsalam SY, Heikal HS, Shawish RR, Nooruzzaman M, et al. Prevalence and characterization of coagulase positive Staphylococci from food products and human specimens in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10: 75.
29. Percival SL, McCarty SM, Lipsky B. Biofilms and wounds: an overview of the evidence. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4: 373-381.
30. Rumpf C, Lange J, Schwartbeck B, Kahl BC. Staphylococcus aureus and cystic fibrosis-a close relationship. what can we learn from sequencing studies? Pathogens 2021; 10: 1177.
31. Gitau W, Masika M, Musyoki M, Museve B, Mutwiri T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11: 226.
32. Maina EK, Kiiyukia C, Wamae CN, Waiyaki PG, Kariuki S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin and soft tissue infections in patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17(2): e115-e119.
33. Aiken AM, Mutuku IM, Sabat AJ, Akkerboom V, Mwangi J, Scott JA, et al. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Thika level 5 hospital, Kenya: a cross- sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2014; 3: 22.
34. Schaumburg F, Alabi AS, Peters G, Becker K. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: 589-596.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i4.16302 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus; Pyogenic infection; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Biofilm; Multi drug resistance; Penicillin binding proteins; Healthcare associated infections | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Krishnakumar S, Khalid AA, Sowndarya J, Krishnasamy L, Nithyanand P. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with pyogenic infections. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(4):443-449.
