Transfusion transmissible malaria: seroprevalence of malaria parasitemia in blood donors in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Malaria was the first ever reported case of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI). Transfusion transmissible malaria (TTM) can result in febrile transfusion reaction in the recipient. TTM can be fatal if the blood transfusion recipient is from vulnerable population i.e. pregnant women or young children. Therefore, the present study was done to estimate the seroprevalence of malaria parasitemia among blood donors in Garhwal region.
Materials and Methods: Study subjects were healthy blood donors who had passed the screening criteria for blood donation. Donors with a history of malaria were temporarily deferred for 3 months following full recovery. Screening of the donated blood units for malaria parasite was done using immunochromatography based rapid diagnostic test. Thin smear examination was performed for malaria parasite species identification.
Results: A total of 1984 blood donations were screened for TTI. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV HIV and syphilis was 0.3% (n=6), 0.25% (n=5), 0% (n=0) and 0% (n=0) respectively. The seroprevalence of malaria parasite was 0.05% (n=1). Plasmodium vivax was identified upon thin smear examination. The donor reactive for malaria parasite was a replacement donor and gave no recent history of fever or any past history of malaria.
Conclusion: Meticulous donor screening combined with rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasite is the most practical strategy to prevent TTM in Garhwal region of India.
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24. Choudhury N, Jolly JG, Mahajan RC, Dubey ML, Ganguly NK, Agnihotri SK. Donor screening for malaria by antibody and antigen detection in endemic area. Indian J Malariol 1991; 28: 179-182.
25. Bansal Y, Singla N, Garg K, Sharma G, Gill M, Chander J. Seroprevalence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in patients at a teaching hospital of northern India over a period of 8 years. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11: 567-572.
26. Kyabayinze DJ, Tibenderana JK, Odong GW, Rwakimari JB, Counihan H. Operational accuracy and comparative persistent antigenicity of HRP2 rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a hyperendemic region of Uganda. Malar J 2008; 7: 221.
27. Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Chezzi C. The laboratory diagnosis of malaria: a focus on the diagnostic assays in non-endemic areas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25: 695.
28. Mfuh KO, Achonduh-Atijegbe OA, Bekindaka ON, Esemu LF, Mbakop CD, Gandhi K, et al. A comparison of thick-film microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and polymerase chain reaction for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2019; 18: 73.
29. Opoku Afriyie S, Addison TK, Gebre Y, Mutala AH, Antwi KB, Abbas DA, et al. Accuracy of diagnosis among clinical malaria patients: comparing microscopy, RDT and a highly sensitive quantitative PCR looking at the implications for submicroscopic infections. Malar J 2023; 22: 76.
30. Lee J-H, Jang JW, Cho CH, Kim JY, Han ET, Yun SG, et al. False-positive results for rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in patients with rheumatoid factor. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3784-3787.
31. Bechtold P, Wagner P, Hosch S, Gregorini M, Stark WJ, Gody JC, et al. Development and evaluation of PlasmoPod: A cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test for rapid malaria diagnosis and surveillance. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3(9): e0001516.
32. Gatton ML, Ciketic S, Barnwell JW, Cheng Q, Chiodini PL, Incardona S, et al. An assessment of false positive rates for malaria rapid diagnostic tests caused by non-Plasmodium infectious agents and immunological factors. PLoS One 2018; 13(5): e0197395.
33. Unterborn R, Henao-Cordero J, Kousari A, Ramanan P, Franco-Paredes C, Madinger N. False-positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria in new world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a tale of two travelers. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9: 20499361221097791.
34. Das A, Anvikar AR, Cator LJ, Dhiman RC, Eapen A, Mishra N, et al. Malaria in India: the center for the study of complex malaria in India. Acta Trop 2012; 121: 267-273.
35. Malaria situation in India since, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; (2024). Available at: https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5879&lid=3957
36. Jacobs JW, Booth GS, Adkins BD. Locally acquired malaria: An impending crisis for the United States blood supply? Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30: 371-372.
2. Attaullah S, Khan S, Khan J. Trend of transfusion transmitted infections frequency in blood donors: provide a road map for its prevention and control. J Transl Med 2012; 10: 20.
3. Satyawali V, Pandey S, Rawat V, Khalil M. Triple Co-infection of Malaria, Filaria, and dengue: a rare entity. J Lab Physicians 2014; 6: 136-137.
4. Kumar A, Valecha N, Jain T, Dash AP. Burden of malaria in India: retrospective and prospective view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77(6 Suppl): 69-78.
5. Dubey A, Elhence P, Ghoshal U, Verma A. Seroprevalence of malaria in blood donors and multi-transfused patients in Northern India: Relevance to prevention of transfusion-transmissible malaria. Asian J Transfus Sci 2012; 6: 174-178.
6. Chattopadhyay R, Majam VF, Kumar S. Survival of Plasmodium falciparum in human blood during refrigeration. Transfusion 2011; 51: 630-635.
7. Mardani A, Keshavarz H, Pourfathollah AA, Maghsudlu M. Transfusion-transmitted Malaria in Iran: A Narrative Review Article. Iran J Parasitol 2016; 11: 136-143.
8. Owusu-Ofori AK, Parry C, Bates I. Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 1192-1198.
9. Agarwal S, Maini S, Kelkar AA, Tijare JR, Shrikhande AV. Probable transfusion transmitted malaria in child of sickle cell disease (HbSS). Indian J Pediatr 2008; 75: 646.
10. Kitchen AD, Barbara JA, Hewitt PE. Documented cases of post-transfusion malaria occurring in England: a review in relation to current and proposed donor-selection guidelines. Vox Sang 2005; 89: 77-80.
11. Verra F, Angheben A, Martello E, Giorli G, Perandin F, Bisoffi Z. A systematic review of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic areas. Malar J 2018; 17: 36.
12. Garraud O. Mechanisms of transfusion-linked parasite infection. Transfus Clin Biol 2006; 13: 290-297.
13. Pulvirenti J, Musso M, Fasciana T, Cascio A, Tricoli MR, Oliveri N, et al. Transfusion-transmitted Malaria of Plasmodium malariae in Palermo, Sicily. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9: 1558.
14. Kitchen AD, Chiodini PL. Malaria and blood transfusion. Vox Sang 2006; 90: 77-84.
15. Bansal N, Raturi M. COVID-19 vaccination in the Indian blood donors: Adjudging the impact on the deferral period. Transfus Clin Biol 2021; 28: 310-312.
16. Lavery I, Ingram P. Venepuncture: best practice. Nurs Stand 2005; 19: 55-65; quiz 66.
17. Monthly Malaria Information System, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; (2023). Available at: https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5879&lid=3957
18. Bahadur S, Pujani M, Jain M. Use of rapid detection tests to prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria in India. Asian J Transfus Sci 2010; 4: 140-141.
19. Negi G, Gaur DS. Trends of transfusion transmissible diseases among blood donors at uttarakhand, India. Indian J Community Med 2014; 39: 183-186.
20. Pallavi P, Ganesh CK, Jayashree K, Manjunath GV. Seroprevalence and trends in transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors in a university hospital blood bank: a 5 year study. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2011; 27: 1-6.
21. Fernandes H, D'souza PF, D'souza PM. Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in voluntary and replacement donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2010; 26: 89-91.
22. Rawat A, Diwaker P, Gogoi P, Singh B. Seroprevalence & changing trends of transfusion-transmitted infections amongst blood donors in a Regional Blood Transfusion Centre in north India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 146: 642-645.
23. Abdel Messih IY, Ismail MA, Saad AA, Azer MR. The degree of safety of family replacement donors versus voluntary non-remunerated donors in an Egyptian population: a comparative study. Blood Transfus 2014; 12: 159-165.
24. Choudhury N, Jolly JG, Mahajan RC, Dubey ML, Ganguly NK, Agnihotri SK. Donor screening for malaria by antibody and antigen detection in endemic area. Indian J Malariol 1991; 28: 179-182.
25. Bansal Y, Singla N, Garg K, Sharma G, Gill M, Chander J. Seroprevalence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in patients at a teaching hospital of northern India over a period of 8 years. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11: 567-572.
26. Kyabayinze DJ, Tibenderana JK, Odong GW, Rwakimari JB, Counihan H. Operational accuracy and comparative persistent antigenicity of HRP2 rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a hyperendemic region of Uganda. Malar J 2008; 7: 221.
27. Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Chezzi C. The laboratory diagnosis of malaria: a focus on the diagnostic assays in non-endemic areas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25: 695.
28. Mfuh KO, Achonduh-Atijegbe OA, Bekindaka ON, Esemu LF, Mbakop CD, Gandhi K, et al. A comparison of thick-film microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and polymerase chain reaction for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2019; 18: 73.
29. Opoku Afriyie S, Addison TK, Gebre Y, Mutala AH, Antwi KB, Abbas DA, et al. Accuracy of diagnosis among clinical malaria patients: comparing microscopy, RDT and a highly sensitive quantitative PCR looking at the implications for submicroscopic infections. Malar J 2023; 22: 76.
30. Lee J-H, Jang JW, Cho CH, Kim JY, Han ET, Yun SG, et al. False-positive results for rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in patients with rheumatoid factor. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3784-3787.
31. Bechtold P, Wagner P, Hosch S, Gregorini M, Stark WJ, Gody JC, et al. Development and evaluation of PlasmoPod: A cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test for rapid malaria diagnosis and surveillance. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3(9): e0001516.
32. Gatton ML, Ciketic S, Barnwell JW, Cheng Q, Chiodini PL, Incardona S, et al. An assessment of false positive rates for malaria rapid diagnostic tests caused by non-Plasmodium infectious agents and immunological factors. PLoS One 2018; 13(5): e0197395.
33. Unterborn R, Henao-Cordero J, Kousari A, Ramanan P, Franco-Paredes C, Madinger N. False-positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria in new world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a tale of two travelers. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9: 20499361221097791.
34. Das A, Anvikar AR, Cator LJ, Dhiman RC, Eapen A, Mishra N, et al. Malaria in India: the center for the study of complex malaria in India. Acta Trop 2012; 121: 267-273.
35. Malaria situation in India since, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; (2024). Available at: https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5879&lid=3957
36. Jacobs JW, Booth GS, Adkins BD. Locally acquired malaria: An impending crisis for the United States blood supply? Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30: 371-372.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i2.15360 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blood transfusion; Blood donor; Malaria | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Bansal N, Bansal Y, Singh C, Pahwa V, Kumar S. Transfusion transmissible malaria: seroprevalence of malaria parasitemia in blood donors in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(2):258-262.
