In vitro anti-HSV1 activity of aqueous extract of Areca catechu L.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: HSV-1 is known as a very contagious virus and the main cause of cold sores or fever blisters. Herein, the aqueous extract of Areca catechu L. was evaluated for its anti-HSV-1 activity, compared to the standard control (acyclovir). Also, the effect of extract on the expression of UL46 and US6 genes that accumulate late in viral infection, was studied.
Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract was obtained by the maceration of powdered plant in boiling water. Its antiviral activity was evaluated on Vero cells infected with HSV-1 at different times: 2 h pre-infection, simultaneous infection, and 4 h post-infection, using MTT assay. The effect of extract on the expression of genes was investigated with quantitative real-time PCR.
Results: The aqueous extract of A. catechu induced the inhibition of infection with the IC50 value of 110.52 ± 1.36 μg/ml. Also, it reduced the expression of UL46 when it was added 2 h pre-infection at 100 μg/ml. Moreover, reduction of expression of US6 was observed at the same concentration when the extract was used simultaneously with the occurrence of infection and 4 h post-infection.
Conclusion: A. catechu can be considered an essential element of natural-based anti-HSV-1 agents.
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23. Zamanian M, Sharifi Z, Noormohammadi Z, Akbarzadeh T, Bineshian F. Antiviral effect of Artemisia aucheri aqueous extract on UL46 and US6 genes of HSV-1. Antivir Ther 2021; 26: 43-48.
24. Cantero-González G, Alvarenga N, Florentín-Pavía MM, Gonzalez-Maldonado P, Sotelo PH. Antiviral activity of two Acanthospermum species against herpes simplex virus 1. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 303: 115958.
25. Wang R, Pan F, He R, Kuang F, Wang L, Lin X. Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) seed extracts extracted by conventional and eco-friendly solvents: Relation between phytochemical compositions and biological activities by multivariate analysis. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 2021; 25: 100336.
26. Šudomová M, Hassan STS. Flavonoids with anti-herpes simplex virus properties: deciphering their mechanisms in disrupting the viral life cycle. Viruses 2023; 15: 2340.
27. Polansky H, Javaherian A, Itzkovitz E. Clinical trial of herbal treatment Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin in oral herpes. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23: 2515690X18806269.
28. Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Ben-Amor I, Smeriglio A, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. In vitro anti-HSV-1 activity of polyphenol-rich extracts and pure polyphenol compounds derived from pistachios kernels (Pistacia vera L.). Plants (Basel) 2020; 9: 267.
29. Ti H, Zhuang Z, Yu Q, Wang S. Progress of plant medicine derived extracts and alkaloids on modulating viral infections and inflammation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15: 1385-1408.
30. Ren Z, Zhang CH, Wang LJ, Cui YX, Qi RB, Yang CR, et al. In vitro anti-viral activity of the total alkaloids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum against herpes simplex virus type 1. Virol Sin 2010; 25: 107-114.
2. Madavaraju K, Koganti R, Volety I, Yadavalli T, Shukla D. Herpes simplex virus cell entry mechanisms: An update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10: 617578.
3. James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, Turner KM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Gottlieb SL, et al. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98: 315-329.
4. Opstelten W, Neven AK, Eekhof J. Treatment and prevention of herpes labialis. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54: 1683-1687.
5. Kimberlin DW, Rouse DJ. Clinical practice. Genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1970-1977.
6. Crimi S, Fiorillo L, Bianchi A, D’Amico C, Amoroso G, Gorassini F, et al. Herpes virus, oral clinical signs and QoL: systematic review of recent data. Viruses 2019; 11: 463.
7. Jiang Y-C, Feng H, Lin Y-C, Guo X-R. New strategies against drug resistance to herpes simplex virus. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8: 1-6.
8. Garber A, Barnard L, Pickrell C. Review of whole plant extracts with activity against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26: 2515690X20978394.
9. Carson CF, Ashton L, Dry L, Smith DW, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 450-451.
10. Hijikata Y, Yamada S, Yasuhara A. Herbal mixtures containing the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum improve recovery time in patients with herpes genitalis and labialis. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 985-987.
11. Saller R, Büechi S, Meyrat R, Schmidhauser C. Combined herbal preparation for topical treatment of Herpes labialis. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2001; 8: 373-382.
12. Hassan ST, Masarčíková R, Berchová K. Bioactive natural products with anti-herpes simplex virus properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67: 1325-1336.
13. Peng W, Liu Y-J, Wu N, Sun T, He X-Y, Gao Y-X, et al. Areca catechu L.(Arecaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 164: 340-356.
14. Bozorgi M, Najafi Z, Omidpanah S, Sadri A, Narimani Z, Moghadam FH, et al. Investigation of anti-Alzheimer's activity of aqueous extract of areca nuts (Areca catechu L.): In vitro and in vivo studies. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 2021; 20: 406-415.
15. Saeedi M, Babaie K, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Vazirian M, Akbarzadeh T, Khanavi M, et al. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some plants used in Iranian traditional medicine. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31: 2690-2694.
16. Shen X, Chen W, Zheng Y, Lei X, Tang M, Wang H, et al. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydrosols from different parts of Areca catechu L. and Cocos nucifera L. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 96: 110-119.
17. Bhandare A, Kshirsagar A, Vyawahare N, Sharma P, Mohite R. Evaluation of anti-migraine potential of Areca catechu to prevent nitroglycerin-induced delayed inflammation in rat meninges: Possible involvement of NOS inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 136: 267-270.
18. Wang C-C, Lin Y-R, Liao M-H, Jan T-R. Oral supplementation with areca-derived polyphenols attenuates food allergic responses in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 154.
19. Mubarokah WW, Nurcahyo W, Prastowo J, Kurniasih K. In vitro and in vivo Areca catechu crude aqueous extract as an anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens. Vet World 2019; 12: 877-882.
20. Volgin AD, Bashirzade A, Amstislavskaya TG, Yakovlev OA, Demin KA, Ho Y-J, et al. DARK classics in chemical neuroscience: Arecoline. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10: 2176-2185.
21. Verzosa AL, McGeever LA, Bhark S-J, Delgado T, Salazar N, Sanchez EL. Herpes simplex virus 1 infection of neuronal and non-neuronal cells elicits specific innate immune responses and immune evasion mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 644664.
22. Huang Y, Song Y, Li J, Lv C, Chen Z-S, Liu Z. Receptors and ligands for herpes simplex viruses: Novel insights for drug targeting. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27: 185-195.
23. Zamanian M, Sharifi Z, Noormohammadi Z, Akbarzadeh T, Bineshian F. Antiviral effect of Artemisia aucheri aqueous extract on UL46 and US6 genes of HSV-1. Antivir Ther 2021; 26: 43-48.
24. Cantero-González G, Alvarenga N, Florentín-Pavía MM, Gonzalez-Maldonado P, Sotelo PH. Antiviral activity of two Acanthospermum species against herpes simplex virus 1. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 303: 115958.
25. Wang R, Pan F, He R, Kuang F, Wang L, Lin X. Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) seed extracts extracted by conventional and eco-friendly solvents: Relation between phytochemical compositions and biological activities by multivariate analysis. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 2021; 25: 100336.
26. Šudomová M, Hassan STS. Flavonoids with anti-herpes simplex virus properties: deciphering their mechanisms in disrupting the viral life cycle. Viruses 2023; 15: 2340.
27. Polansky H, Javaherian A, Itzkovitz E. Clinical trial of herbal treatment Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin in oral herpes. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23: 2515690X18806269.
28. Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Ben-Amor I, Smeriglio A, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. In vitro anti-HSV-1 activity of polyphenol-rich extracts and pure polyphenol compounds derived from pistachios kernels (Pistacia vera L.). Plants (Basel) 2020; 9: 267.
29. Ti H, Zhuang Z, Yu Q, Wang S. Progress of plant medicine derived extracts and alkaloids on modulating viral infections and inflammation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15: 1385-1408.
30. Ren Z, Zhang CH, Wang LJ, Cui YX, Qi RB, Yang CR, et al. In vitro anti-viral activity of the total alkaloids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum against herpes simplex virus type 1. Virol Sin 2010; 25: 107-114.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i2.15359 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Areca catechu; Betel nut; Gene expression; Herpes simplex virus type 1; Medicinal plant | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Zamanian M, Asgari E, Afaridoon S, Akbarzadeh T, Sharifi Z, Saeedi M. In vitro anti-HSV1 activity of aqueous extract of Areca catechu L. Iran J Microbiol. 2024;16(2):251-257.
