Articles

The frequency of Neisseria gonorrhoeae endocervical infection among female carrier and changing trends of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Kashan, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most sexually transmitted diseases agents in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance strains have created serious health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of endocervical gonococcal infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae in Kashan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 294 endocervical swabs were collected from married women referred to the obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Kashan from December 2012 to May 2013. The samples were cultured in modified Thayer Martin in 37°C with 5-10% CO2 for 72 hours. Gram staining, oxidase, catalase and carbohydrate utilization tests were used to identify the isolated species. All isolates were tested for their susceptibilities to antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer-disk diffusion techniques.
Results: N.gonorrhoeae was detected in 2.38% of studied cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-3.26%). All isolates were resistance to ceftriaxone, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, and two isolate (28.5%) showed intermediate sensitivity to tetracycline.
Conclusion: Continued monitoring of prevalence of N.gonorrhoeae is important for preventing the dissemination of this microorganism. The present study emphasizes the importance of surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of N.gonorrhoeae in order to manage the rate of resistant strains and to revise the treatment policies.

Boyadzhyan B, Yashina T, Yatabe JH, Patnaik M, Hill CS. Comparison of the APTIMA CT and GC assays with the APTIMA combo 2 assay, the Abbott LCx assay, and direct fluorescent antibody and culture assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3089 – 3093.

Amito Florence P, Otim F, Okongo F, Ogwang M, Greco D. The prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in patients attending OPD clinics at St. Mary’s Hospital Lacor Uganda. J Prev Med Hyg 2012; 53: 186-189.

Sunil Sethi, Daniel Golparian, Manju Bala, Dorji Dorji, Muhammad Ibrahim, Kausar Jabeen, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from India, Pakistan and Bhutan in 2007–2011. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 35.

Bignell C, Ison CA, Jungmann E. Gonorrhoea. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 82: 6-9.

Ross JD, Lewis DA. Cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae time to consider gentamicin? Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 6-8.

Lahra MM. WHO Western Pacific and South East Asian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific and South East Asian Regions 2010. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2012; 36: 95-100.

Cámara J, Serra J, Ayats J, Bastida T, Carnicer-Pont D, Andreu A, et al. Molecular characterization of two high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates detected in Catalonia, Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67: 1858–1860.

Rashidi B, Chamani Tabriz L, Haghollahi F, Jeddi Tehrani M, Ramezanzadeh F, Rahimi Forooshani A, et al. Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhea in Fertile and Infertile Women in Tehran. Medical Journal of Reproduction & Infertility 2009; 9: 379-383.

Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Sixteen informational supplement, M100-S21 (M02-A10 and M7-A8), 2011.

Alisha Akyaa, Hosseini M, Olfati M, Mirnejad R, Mansur Altaha S, Rezaee M . The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among women in Kermanshah, Iran. Asian Biomedicine 2013; 7: 681-685.

Bakhtiari A, Firoozjahi A. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending health centres in Babol: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13: 1124-1131.

Baghchesaraei H, Amini B, Hossaini M. Prevalence of infection with Nisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in women visitors of gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan Province of Iran. African Journal of Microbiology 2011; 5: 2447-2450.

Haghighi Hasanabad M, Bahador A, Mohammadzadeh M, Haghighi F. Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma Urealyticum in Pregnant Women of Sabzevar – Iran. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 233-234.

Trevisan A, Mengoli C, Rossi L, Cattai M, Cavallaro A. Epidemiology of reproductive tract infections in a symptomatic population of North-East of Italy. Minerva Ginecol 2008; 60: 135-142.

Rahman S, Garland S, Currie M, Tabrizi SN, Rahman M, Nessa K. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 772–774.

Wilkinson D, Abdool Karim SS, Harrison A, Lurie M, Colvin M, Connolly C, et al. Unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in rural South African women: a hidden epidemic. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77:22–28.

Norman J. Epidemiology of female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 16: 775–787.

Toomey KE, Moran JS, Rafferty MP, Beckett GA. Epidemiological considerations of sexually transmitted diseases in underserved populations. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993; 7: 739-752.

Divekar AA, Gogate AS, Shivkar LK, Gogate S, Badhwar VR. Disease prevalence in women attending the STD clinic in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. Int J STD AIDS. 2000; 11: 45-48.

Plitt S, Boyington C, Sutherland K, Lovgren M, Tilley P, Read R, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea: the influence of epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance data on treatment guidelines: Alberta, Canada 2001-2007. Sex Trans Dis 2009; 36: 665-669.

Whiley DM, Goire N, Lahra MM, Donovan B, Limnios AE, Nissen MD, et al. The ticking time bomb: escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a public health disaster in waiting. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 2059-2061.

Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R , Ohnishi M, Gallay A , Sednaoui P. High-Level Cefixime- and Ceftriaxone-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: Novel penA Mosaic Allele in a Successful International Clone Causes Treatment Failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 1273–1280.

Sood S, Mahajan N, Verma R, Kar HK, Sharma VK.Emergence of decreased susceptibility to extended- spectrum cephalosporins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in India. Natl Med J India 2013; 26: 26-28.

Bokaeian M, Iqbal-Qureshi M, Dabiri S. Antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from gonorrhoeae patients. Tabib-e-Shargh 2010; 12: 18-23.

Ghaznavi Rad E, Fazeli SA, Yazdani R, Joorabchi A, Kalantar Hormozi E. Study of Penicillin type resistant Neisseria Gonorrhea and susceptibility testing of usual antibiotics for Gonococcal disease in Arak city. Rahavard Danesh1999; 2: 27-31.

Zargooshi J. Characteristics of gonorrhoea in Kermanshah, Iran. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 460–461.

Files
IssueVol 6 No 3 (2014) QRcode
SectionArticles
Keywords
Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance endocervix
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Afrasiabi S, Moniri R, Samimi M, Mousavi SG. The frequency of Neisseria gonorrhoeae endocervical infection among female carrier and changing trends of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Kashan, Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 1;6(3):194-197.