Evaluation of the physicochemical properties and bacterial loads of selected rivers in Ondo State, Nigeria
-
Olorunjuwon O Bello
,
Bridget O Akinpeloye
,
Temitope K Bello
,
Yinka D Oluwafemi
,
Bamikole W. Osungbemiro
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Water is crucial to human existence but may be contaminated with microorganisms, thus making it unfit for consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and bacterial loads of selected river waters in Ondo State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: Ten major rivers were sampled between April and August, 2021. The pH, temperature, total alkalinity, colour, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, aluminium, organic matters, nitrate levels including the microbial loads were determined according to standard procedures. Confirmation of identified isolates was achieved by API 20E and API 20NE.
Results: The turbidity, colour, conductivity, ammonium, and aluminium ranged from 4.3 to 15.2 NTU, 4 to 20 NTU, 123.5 to 580.2 mgL-1, 0 to 3.5 mgL-1, and 0.05 to 1.7, respectively. Most physicochemical parameters showed no significant differences from the WHO permissible limits for drinking water (p > 0.05). The total viable bacterial count in the rivers ranged from 1.5 × 105 to 6.3 × 105 CFUmL-1, while the total coliform count ranged from 1.3 × 103 to 4.8 × 103 CFUmL-1. The predominant bacteria were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the physiochemical properties of the waters were majorly within the WHO permissible standards but with significantly higher bacterial loads.
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2. Bello OO, Oni MO, Bello TK, Fashola MO, Oluwafemi YD. Microbial quality of utility water at universities in Nigeria. Malays J Microbiol 2020; 16: 353-363.
3. Carrard M, Foster T, Willetts J. Groundwater as a source of drinking water in Southeast Asia and the pacific: a multi-country review of current reliance and resource concerns. Water 2019; 11: 1605.
4. Igwe PU, Chukwudi CC, Ifenatuorah FC, Fagbeja IF, Okeke CA. A review of environmental effects of surface water pollution. Int J Adv Eng Res Sci 2017; 4: 128-137.
5. Gamble A, Babbar-Sebens M. On the use of multivariate statistical methods for combining in-stream monitoring data and spatial analysis to characterize water quality conditions in the White River Basin, Indiana, USA. Environ Monit Assess 2011; 184: 845-875.
6. Liu Y, Li H, Cui G, Cao Y. Water quality attribution and simulation of non-point source pollution load flux in the Hulan River basin. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 3012.
7. Sila ON. Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water sources in rural settings, a case study of Kenya, Africa. Sci Afr 2019; 2: e00018.
8. Sharma S, Bhattacharya A. Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci 2017; 7: 1043-1067.
9. Omarova A, Tussupova K, Hjorth P, Kalishev M, Dosmagambetova R. Water supply challenges in rural areas: a case study from Central Kazakhstan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16: 688.
10. Tsaridou C, Karabelas AJ. Drinking water standards and their implementation—a critical assessment.
Water 2021; 13: 2918.
11. Ayo OE, Arotupin DJ. Microbial and physicochemical qualities of river Owena water: an important source of domestic water in Owena Metropolis. Int J Environ Agric Biotechnol 2017; 2: 2231-2242.
12. Nigerian Informer (2021). Ondo State Population 2023. https://nigerianinformer.com/ondo-state-population/
13. APHA (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.18th Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), Washington DC.
14. WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017; https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
15. Gintamo B, Khan MA, Gulilat H, Shukla RK, Mekonnen Z. Determination of the physicochemical quality of groundwater and its potential health risk for drinking in Oromia, Ethiopia. Environ Health Insights 2022; 16: 11786302221096051.
16. Gambo JB, James Y, Yakubu MB. Physico–Chemical and bacteriological analysis of well water at Crescent Road Poly Quarters, Kaduna. Int J Eng Sci 2015; 4: 11-17.
17. Joshi DM, Kumar A, Agrawal N. Studies on physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of river Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar district. RASAYAN J Chem 2009; 2: 195-203.
18. Amin CN, Dibi KS, Yapo WT, Able CN, Kpaibé PAS, Kouadio L, et al. Chemical and bacteriological control of drinking water from 15 villages in Côte d'Ivoire. Int J Nutr Food Sci 2018; 7: 180-186.
19. Saxena G, Bharagava RN, Kaithwas G, Raj A. Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment. J Water Health 2015; 13: 319-339.
20. Agwu A, Avoaja AG, Kalu AU. The assessment of drinking water sources in Aba Metropolis, Abia State, Nigeria. Resour Environ 2013; 3: 72-76.
21. Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE, Ezenweke LO. Some physicochemical parameters of potable water supply in Warri, Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Sci Res Essays 2008; 3: 547-551.
22. Cabral JPS. Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7: 3657-3703.
23. Egberongbe HO, Bello OO, Solate AT, Sossou MS. Microbiological evaluation of stream water for domestic use in rural areas: a case study of Ijebu North Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. J Nat Sci Engr Technol 2012; 11: 93-103.
24. Savin M, Bierbaum G, Kreyenschmidt J, Schmithausen RM, Sib E, Schmoger S, et al. Clinically relevant Escherichia coli isolates from process waters and wastewater of poultry and pig slaughterhouses in Germany. Microorganisms 2021; 9: 698.
25. Bello OO, Oni MO, Bello JO, Bello TK. The Incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing bacteria in salad vegetables in Ondo city, Nigeria. Asian Food Sci J 2019; 9: 1-14.
26. Gregova G, Kmet V, Szaboova T. New insight on antibiotic resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli from municipal and animal wastewater. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10: 1111.
27. Sharma D, Misba L, Khan AU. Antibiotics versus biofilms: An emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8: 76.
28. Jurado-Martín I, Sainz-Mejías M, McClean S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an audacious pathogen with an adaptable arsenal of virulence factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 3128.
29. Pinto H, Simões M, Borges A. Prevalence and impact of biofilms on bloodstream and urinary tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10: 825.
30. Vetrivel A, Ramasamy M, Vetrivel P, Natchimuthu S, Arunachalam S, Kim GS, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and its control. Biologics 2021; 1: 312-336.
31. Al-Ghanem MM. Serratia: a novel source of secondary metabolites. Adv Biotechnol Microbiol 2018; 11: 555814.
32. Munny NN, Shamsuzzaman SM, Hossain T. Antibiotic resistance and phenotypic and genotypic detection of colistin resistance among Enterobacter species isolated from patients of a tertiary care hospital, Bangladesh. Arch Microbiol Immunol 2021; 5: 337-352.
33. Thwala T, Madoroba E, Basson A, Butaye P. Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with meat and meat products in African countries: a review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10: 1108.
34. Rasheed NA, Hussein NR. Staphylococcus aureus: an overview of discovery, characteristics, epidemiology, virulence factors and antimicrobial sensitivity. Eur J Mol Clin 2021; 8: 1160-1183.
35. Klaper K, Hammer JA, Rau J, Pfeifer Y, Werner G. Genome-based analysis of Klebsiella spp. Isolates from animals and food products in Germany, 2013–2017. Pathogens 2021; 10: 573.
36. Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices. Foods 2021; 10: 907.
37. Ali Nor BS, Menza NC, Musyoki AM. Multidrug-resistant Shigellosis among children aged below five years with diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2021; 2021: 6630272.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 6 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v15i6.14159 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Aerobic bacteria; Physicochemical concept; Environmental pollution; River; Water body; World health organization | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Bello O, Akinpeloye B, Bello T, Oluwafemi Y, Osungbemiro B. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties and bacterial loads of selected rivers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Iran J Microbiol. 2023;15(6):788-795.
