Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella in stool among patients presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary care centre in south India
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bacterial causes of gastroenteritis include Salmonella, Shigella spp, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Campylobacter spp. Although infections caused by NTS (Non Typhoidal Salmonella) and Shigella are usually self-limiting, antibiotic treatment is prefered in severely ill or immunocompromised individuals. The main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella among the stool samples received in Believers Church Medical College hospital and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.
Materials and Methods: A total of 805 stool samples collected from cases of diarrhea from January 2018 to December 2021 were processed in the laboratory. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella isolates using the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to CLSI.
Results: A total of 100 (12.4%) samples yielded bacterial pathogens. Salmonella was isolated from 97 (12%) samples and Shigella from 3 (0.4%) samples. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the predominant serotype, accounting for 53 (54.6%) isolates.
Conclusion: This study showed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as the predominant isolate causing diarrheal illness. The emergence of multidrug resistant phenotypes warrants the continuous monitoring of susceptibility trend of NTS in India.
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18. Moyo SJ, Gro N, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Myrmel H, Mylvaganam H, et al. Age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11: 19.
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22. Ran L, Wu S, Gao Y, Zhang X, Feng Z, Wang Z, et al. Laboratory-based surveillance ofNontyphoidal Salmonella infections in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8: 921-927.
23. Jain P, Nandy S, Bharadwaj R, Niyogi SK, Dutta S. Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden ST1500 associated foodborne outbreak in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141: 239-241.
24. Leung DT, Das SK, Malek MA, Ahmed D, Khanam F, Qadri F, et al. Non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis at a diarrheal hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996-2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88: 661-669.
25. Li Y, Xie X, Xu X, Wang X, Chang H, Wang C, et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in children with acute gastroenteritis: prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance in Shanghai, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11: 200-206.
26. Jacob JJ, Solaimalai D, MuthuirulandiSethuvel DP, Rachel T, Jeslin P, Anandan S, et al. A nineteen-year report of serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric Non-typhoidal Salmonella from humans in Southern India: changing facades of taxonomy and resistance trend. Gut Pathog 2020; 12: 49.
27. Tack B, Vita D, Phoba MF, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Hardy L, Barbé B, et al. Direct association between rainfall and non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infections in hospital-admitted children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 21617.
28. Pragasam AK, Anandan S, John J, Neeravi A, Narasimman V, Muthuirulandi Sethuvel DP, et al. An emerging threat of ceftriaxone-resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella in South India: Incidenceand molecular profile. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37: 198-202.
29. Bastola A, Pyakurel P, Rayamajhi RB, Shrestha S, Thekkur P, Pandey B, et al. High resistance of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in blood and stool cultures from the Sukraraj tropical and infectious disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015-2019. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6: 59.
30. Kim SH, Sung G-H, Park EH, Hwang IY, Kim GR, Song SA, et al. Serotype Distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in Korea between 2016 and 2017. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42: 268-273.
31. Taneja N, Mewara A, Kumar A, Mishra A, Zaman K, Singh S, et al. Antimicrobial resistant Shigella in North India since the turn of the 21st century. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40: 113-118.
32. Madhavan A, Balakrishnan S, Vasudevapanicker J. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates in a tertiary healthcare center. J Lab Physicians 2018; 10: 140-144.
2. Lakshminarayanan S, Jayalakshmy R. Diarrheal diseases among children in India: Current scenario and future perspectives. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6: 24-28.
3. Uppal B, Perween N, Aggarwal P, Kumar SK. A comparative study of bacterial and parasitic intestinal infections in India. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: DC01-4.
4. Alharbi NA, Alsaeed TS, Aljohany AS, Alwehaibi KK, Almasaad MA, Alotaibi RM, et al. Extra-intestinal Salmonellosis in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Sudan J Paediatr 2021; 21: 152-161.
5. Sodagari HR, Wang P, Robertson I, Habib I, Sahibzada S. Non-typhoidal Salmonella at the human-food-of-animal-origin interface in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10: 1192.
6. Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices. Foods 2021; 10: 907.
7. Baker S, The HC. Recent insights into Shigella. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 31: 449-454.
8. Banga Singh KK, Ojha SC, Deris ZZ, Rahman RA. A 9-year study of shigellosis in Northeast Malaysia: Antimicrobial susceptibility and shifting species dominance. Z Gesundh Wiss 2011; 19: 231-236.
9. Terfassa A, Jida M. Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species among diarrheal patients attending nekemte referral Hospital, Oromia, Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018: 9214689.
10. Zakir M, Khan M, Umar MI, Murtaza G, Ashraf M, Shamim S. Emerging trends of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in a tertiary care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Microorganisms 2021; 9: 2484.
11. Saito S, Koori Y, Ohsaki Y, Osaka S, Oana K, Nagano Y, et al.Third generation cephalosporin resistant Non typhoidal Salmonella isolated from human feces in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70: 301-304.
12. Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Heini N, Zurfluh K, Althaus D, Hächler H, Stephan R. Shigella antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms, 2004-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22: 1083-1085.
13. Teshome B, Teklemariam Z, Admassu Ayana D, Marami D, Asaminew N. Salmonella and Shigella among patients with diarrhea at public health facilities in Adama, Ethiopia: Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7: 2050312119846041.
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. CLSI Approved Standard M100-S15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne.
15. Gebreegziabher G, Asrat D, W/Amanuel Y, Hagos T. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella and Salmonella species from children with acute diarrhea in Mekelle Hospital and Semen Health Center, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2018; 28: 197-206.
16. Mulatu G, Beyene G, Zeynudin A. Prevalence of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter species and their susceptibility patters among under five children with diarrhea in Hawassa town, south Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2014; 24: 101-108.
17. Jain PA, Kulkarni RD, Dutta S, Ganavali AS, Kalabhavi AS, Shetty PC, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial profile of Shigella isolates in a tertiary care hospital of North Karnataka: A 12-year study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38: 101-108.
18. Moyo SJ, Gro N, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Myrmel H, Mylvaganam H, et al. Age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11: 19.
19. Tafa B, Sewunet T, Tassew H, Asrat D. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species among diarrheic children at Jimma, Ethiopia. Int J Bacteriol 2014; 2014: 560617.
20. Das S, Saha R, Singhal S. Enteric pathogens in North Indian patients with diarrhea. Indian J Community Med 2007; 32: 27-31.
21. Ren L, Yang M, Geng L, Chen P, Chen H, Gong S, et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in a tertiary children's hospital in southern China: characteristics and dietary considerations. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018: 3097468.
22. Ran L, Wu S, Gao Y, Zhang X, Feng Z, Wang Z, et al. Laboratory-based surveillance ofNontyphoidal Salmonella infections in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8: 921-927.
23. Jain P, Nandy S, Bharadwaj R, Niyogi SK, Dutta S. Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden ST1500 associated foodborne outbreak in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141: 239-241.
24. Leung DT, Das SK, Malek MA, Ahmed D, Khanam F, Qadri F, et al. Non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis at a diarrheal hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996-2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88: 661-669.
25. Li Y, Xie X, Xu X, Wang X, Chang H, Wang C, et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in children with acute gastroenteritis: prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance in Shanghai, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11: 200-206.
26. Jacob JJ, Solaimalai D, MuthuirulandiSethuvel DP, Rachel T, Jeslin P, Anandan S, et al. A nineteen-year report of serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric Non-typhoidal Salmonella from humans in Southern India: changing facades of taxonomy and resistance trend. Gut Pathog 2020; 12: 49.
27. Tack B, Vita D, Phoba MF, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Hardy L, Barbé B, et al. Direct association between rainfall and non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infections in hospital-admitted children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 21617.
28. Pragasam AK, Anandan S, John J, Neeravi A, Narasimman V, Muthuirulandi Sethuvel DP, et al. An emerging threat of ceftriaxone-resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella in South India: Incidenceand molecular profile. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37: 198-202.
29. Bastola A, Pyakurel P, Rayamajhi RB, Shrestha S, Thekkur P, Pandey B, et al. High resistance of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in blood and stool cultures from the Sukraraj tropical and infectious disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015-2019. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6: 59.
30. Kim SH, Sung G-H, Park EH, Hwang IY, Kim GR, Song SA, et al. Serotype Distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in Korea between 2016 and 2017. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42: 268-273.
31. Taneja N, Mewara A, Kumar A, Mishra A, Zaman K, Singh S, et al. Antimicrobial resistant Shigella in North India since the turn of the 21st century. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40: 113-118.
32. Madhavan A, Balakrishnan S, Vasudevapanicker J. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates in a tertiary healthcare center. J Lab Physicians 2018; 10: 140-144.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v15i2.12475 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Salmonella; Shigella; Susceptibility; Resistance; Diarrhea | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sachu A. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella in stool among patients presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary care centre in south India. Iran J Microbiol. 2023;15(2):236-242.
