Antimicrobial effect of silver and gold nanoparticles in combination with linezolid on Enterococcus biofilm
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the past few years, application of new antimicrobial e.g. nanoparticles (NPs) to treat infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria has increased. This study aimed to determine antimicrobial property of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in combination with linezolid on Enterococcus biofilm.
Materials and Methods: A total of forty-eight isolates of Enterococcus spp. were collected and confirmed by PCR method. The synthesis of biocompatible AgNPs was performed, then analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy. We carried out minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm forming capacity of AgNPs and AuNPs with linezolid.
Results: Twenty-two E. faecium isolates and twenty- six E. faecalis investigated in this study. Strong biofilm formation was seen in 12 (25%) of isolates, and others isolates (75%) formed moderate biofilm. AgNPs and Au-NPs size were 26 nm and 20 nm respectively. The MIC of AgNPs was 23.2 μg/ml, and AuNPs were 92.1 μg/ml and the lowest MIC was obtained 2 μg/ml in linezolid. Biofilm formation inhibitory activity by AuNPs + Linezolide and AgNPs + Linezolide 70 to 80 percent increased in average.
Conclusion: The antibiofilm activity of AgNPs and AuNPs increased when both agents were used in combination with linezolid in comparison with each agent alone.
1. García-Solache M, Rice LB. The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32(2): e00058-18.
2. Jahansepas A, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Dolatyar A, et al. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin–resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in the Northwest of Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24: 1165-1173.
3. Marshall S, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3334-3336.
4. Abbo L, Shukla BS, Giles A, Aragon L, Jimenez A, Camargo JF, et al. Linezolid-and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in solid organ transplant recipients: infection control and antimicrobial stewardship using whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69: 259-265.
5. Lee N-Y, Ko W-C, Hsueh P-R. Nanoparticles in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10: 1153.
6. Mulani MS, Kamble EE, Kumkar SN, Tawre MS, Pardesi KR. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 539.
7. Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65: 1803-1815.
8. Moniri R, Ghasemi A, Moosavi SGA, Dastehgoli K, Rezaei M. Virulence gene’s relationship with biofilm formation and detection of aac (6’)/aph (2”) in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6(5): e94137.
9. Solouki M, Moniri R, Fathizadeh H, Kashi Jookar F, Moosavi GA, Nazari-Alam A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using brain heart infusion (BHI) culture medium and evaluation of their antimicrobial and Anti-biofilm activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. Mediterr J Infect Microbes Antimicrob 2021; 10: 50.
10. Fallah F, Yousefi M, Pourmand MR, Hashemi A, Nazari Alam A, Afshar D. Phenotypic and genotypic study of biofilm formation in Enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections. Microb Pathog 2017; 108: 85-90.
11. Narasimhaswamy N, Bairy I, Shenoy G, Bairy L. In vitro activity of recombinant lysostaphin in combination with linezolid, vancomycin and oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Iran J Microbiol 2017; 9: 208-212.
12. Vimbela GV, Ngo SM, Fraze C, Yang L, Stout DA. Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12: 3941-3965.
13. Sarfraz N, Khan I. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): properties, synthesis and their advanced energy, environmental and biomedical applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 16: 720-742.
14. Salunke GR, Ghosh S, Santosh Kumar RJ, Khade S, Vashisth P, Kale T, et al. Rapid efficient synthesis and characterization of silver, gold, and bimetallic nanoparticles from the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica and their application in biofilm control. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 2635-2653.
15. De Alteriis E, Maselli V, Falanga A, Galdiero S, Di Lella FM, Gesuele R, et al. Efficiency of gold nanoparticles coated with the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin against biofilm formation and development of Candida spp. clinical isolates. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11: 915-925.
16. Vijayakumar S, Vaseeharan B, Malaikozhundan B, Gopi N, Ekambaram P, Pachaiappan R, et al. Therapeutic effects of gold nanoparticles synthesized using Musa paradisiaca peel extract against multiple antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms and human lung cancer cells (A549). Microb Pathog 2017; 102: 173-183.
17. Akram FE, El-Tayeb T, Abou-Aisha K, El-Azizi M. A combination of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light enhances the antibacterial efficacy of ineffective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15: 48.
18. Katva S, Das S, Moti HS, Jyoti A, Kaushik S. Antibacterial synergy of silver nanoparticles with gentamicin and chloramphenicol against Enterococcus faecalis. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13(Suppl 4): S828-S833.
19. Hwang I-S, Hwang JH, Choi H, Kim K-J, Lee DG. Synergistic effects between silver nanoparticles and antibiotics and the mechanisms involved. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61: 1719-1726.
20. Wypij M, Świecimska M, Czarnecka J, Dahm H, Rai M, Golinska P. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from two haloalkaliphilic actinobacterial strains alone and in combination with antibiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124: 1411-1424.
21. Wan G, Ruan L, Yin Y, Yang T, Ge M, Cheng X. Effects of silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics on the resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11: 3789-3800.
22. Kamble SP, Shinde KD. Anti-biofilm activity against gram-positive bacteria by biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa. Pharm Nanotechnol 2018; 6: 165-170.
23. Lopez-Carrizales M, Velasco KI, Castillo C, Flores A, Magaña M, Martinez-Castanon GA, et al. In vitro synergism of silver nanoparticles with antibiotics as an alternative treatment in multiresistant uropathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7: 50.
24. Chen H, Du Y, Xia Q, Li Y, Song S, Huang X. Role of linezolid combination therapy for serious infections: review of the current evidence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39: 1043-1052.
2. Jahansepas A, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Dolatyar A, et al. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin–resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in the Northwest of Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24: 1165-1173.
3. Marshall S, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3334-3336.
4. Abbo L, Shukla BS, Giles A, Aragon L, Jimenez A, Camargo JF, et al. Linezolid-and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in solid organ transplant recipients: infection control and antimicrobial stewardship using whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69: 259-265.
5. Lee N-Y, Ko W-C, Hsueh P-R. Nanoparticles in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10: 1153.
6. Mulani MS, Kamble EE, Kumkar SN, Tawre MS, Pardesi KR. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 539.
7. Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65: 1803-1815.
8. Moniri R, Ghasemi A, Moosavi SGA, Dastehgoli K, Rezaei M. Virulence gene’s relationship with biofilm formation and detection of aac (6’)/aph (2”) in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6(5): e94137.
9. Solouki M, Moniri R, Fathizadeh H, Kashi Jookar F, Moosavi GA, Nazari-Alam A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using brain heart infusion (BHI) culture medium and evaluation of their antimicrobial and Anti-biofilm activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. Mediterr J Infect Microbes Antimicrob 2021; 10: 50.
10. Fallah F, Yousefi M, Pourmand MR, Hashemi A, Nazari Alam A, Afshar D. Phenotypic and genotypic study of biofilm formation in Enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections. Microb Pathog 2017; 108: 85-90.
11. Narasimhaswamy N, Bairy I, Shenoy G, Bairy L. In vitro activity of recombinant lysostaphin in combination with linezolid, vancomycin and oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Iran J Microbiol 2017; 9: 208-212.
12. Vimbela GV, Ngo SM, Fraze C, Yang L, Stout DA. Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12: 3941-3965.
13. Sarfraz N, Khan I. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): properties, synthesis and their advanced energy, environmental and biomedical applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 16: 720-742.
14. Salunke GR, Ghosh S, Santosh Kumar RJ, Khade S, Vashisth P, Kale T, et al. Rapid efficient synthesis and characterization of silver, gold, and bimetallic nanoparticles from the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica and their application in biofilm control. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9: 2635-2653.
15. De Alteriis E, Maselli V, Falanga A, Galdiero S, Di Lella FM, Gesuele R, et al. Efficiency of gold nanoparticles coated with the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin against biofilm formation and development of Candida spp. clinical isolates. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11: 915-925.
16. Vijayakumar S, Vaseeharan B, Malaikozhundan B, Gopi N, Ekambaram P, Pachaiappan R, et al. Therapeutic effects of gold nanoparticles synthesized using Musa paradisiaca peel extract against multiple antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms and human lung cancer cells (A549). Microb Pathog 2017; 102: 173-183.
17. Akram FE, El-Tayeb T, Abou-Aisha K, El-Azizi M. A combination of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light enhances the antibacterial efficacy of ineffective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15: 48.
18. Katva S, Das S, Moti HS, Jyoti A, Kaushik S. Antibacterial synergy of silver nanoparticles with gentamicin and chloramphenicol against Enterococcus faecalis. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13(Suppl 4): S828-S833.
19. Hwang I-S, Hwang JH, Choi H, Kim K-J, Lee DG. Synergistic effects between silver nanoparticles and antibiotics and the mechanisms involved. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61: 1719-1726.
20. Wypij M, Świecimska M, Czarnecka J, Dahm H, Rai M, Golinska P. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from two haloalkaliphilic actinobacterial strains alone and in combination with antibiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124: 1411-1424.
21. Wan G, Ruan L, Yin Y, Yang T, Ge M, Cheng X. Effects of silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics on the resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11: 3789-3800.
22. Kamble SP, Shinde KD. Anti-biofilm activity against gram-positive bacteria by biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa. Pharm Nanotechnol 2018; 6: 165-170.
23. Lopez-Carrizales M, Velasco KI, Castillo C, Flores A, Magaña M, Martinez-Castanon GA, et al. In vitro synergism of silver nanoparticles with antibiotics as an alternative treatment in multiresistant uropathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7: 50.
24. Chen H, Du Y, Xia Q, Li Y, Song S, Huang X. Role of linezolid combination therapy for serious infections: review of the current evidence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39: 1043-1052.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 6 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11261 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Nanoparticles; Anti-bacterial agents; Biofilm | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sabzi N, Moniri R, Sehat M, Fathizadeh H, Nazari-Alam A. Antimicrobial effect of silver and gold nanoparticles in combination with linezolid on Enterococcus biofilm. Iran J Microbiol. 2022;14(6):863-873.
