Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and evaluation of its genotypes among pregnant women in Tehran, Iran
-
Abdoulreza Esteghamati
,
Shirin Sayyahfar
,
Khadijeh Khanaliha
,
Ahmad Tavakoli
,
Mehri Naghdalipour
,
Morteza Haghighi Hasanabad
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Infection with C. trachomatis in pregnant women can result in maternal and fetal death, due to pelvic inflammatory disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this infection in pregnant women and identify circulating genotypes of C. trachomatis in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Endocervical swabs were obtained from 101 pregnant women and tested by PCR assay to detect cryptic plasmid gene. Positive isolates were analyzed for C. trachomatis genotypes through amplification and sequencing of the omp1 gene and alignment with deposited sequences in Gene Bank.
Results: Infection with C. trachomatis was observed in 11 cases, yielding an overall prevalence of 10.8% in total. The majority of infected women were asymptomatic and the rate of infection was found more in women at the age of ≥30 years. However, no statistical association was found between C. trachomatis infection and risk factors in pregnant women. Analysis of isolated sequences revealed genotypes E (44.4%), D and F (both 22.2%), and K (11.2%) as main genotypes of C. trachomatis in this region.
Conclusion: Results of this study showed the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections among pregnant women is relatively high. Identifying the precise rate of infection and associated genotypes in other regions is suggested.
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12. Lima HE, Oliveira MB, Valente BG, Afonso DA, Darocha WD, Souza MC, et al. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from endocervical specimens in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 709-717.
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15. Chamani Tabriz L, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Mosavi-Jarrahi A, Zeraati H, Ghasemi J, Asgari S, et al. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by molecular analysis of urine samples in women attending OB & GYN clinics in Tehran. J Reprod Infertil 2006; 7: 234-242.
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19. Patterson-Lomba O, Goldstein E, Gómez-Liévano A, Castillo-Chavez C, Towers S. Per capita incidence of sexually transmitted infections increases systematically with urban population size: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91: 610-614.
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21. Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PloS One 2015; 10(12): e0143304.
22. Ghazal-Aswad S, Badrinath P, Osman N, Abdul-Khaliq S, Mc IIvenny S, Sidky I. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women in a Middle Eastern community. BMC Womens Health 2004; 4: 3.
23. Taheri Beni B, Motamedi H, Ardakani MR. Genotyping of the prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59: 1023-1028.
24. Javanmard D, Behravan M, Ghannadkafi M, Salehabadi A, Ziaee M, Namaei MH. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in pap smear samples from South Khorasan Province of Iran. Int J Fertil Steril 2018; 12: 31-36.
2. Kenyon C, Buyze J, Colebunders R. Classification of incidence and prevalence of certain sexually transmitted infections by world regions. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 18: 73-80.
3. Azami M, Badfar Gh, Mansouri A, Yekta Kooshali MH, Kooti W, Tardeh Z, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant Iranian women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Fertil Steril 2018; 12: 191-199.
4. Esteghamati A, Badamchi A, Naghdalipoor M, Faramarzi M, Haghighi Hasanabadi M, Tabatabaei A. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women. Tehran Univ Med J 2018; 76: 568-574.
5. Noorbakhsh S, Rabiei AA, Rahbarimanesh AA, Haghighi M, Ashouri S. Searching the Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin -1 in septic children with negative cultures: A comparative study in Tehran, Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21: 187-192.
6. Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms 2016; 4: 25.
7. Yousefi A, Eslami S, Noorbakhsh S, Haghighi M, TaheriNia L, Ehsanipour F, et al. The resistance rate of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin and main mutations on bacterial genomic responsible for bacterial resistance: a comparative study in children and adults, Tehran and Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19: 394-397.
8. Machado ACS, Bandea CI, Alves MFC, Joseph K, Igietseme J, Miranda AE, et al. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genovars among youths and adults in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 472-476.
9. Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: an update. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138: 303-316.
10. Noorbakhsh S, Farhadi M, Haghighi F, Minaeian S, Haghighi Hasanabad M. Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Tehran, Iran, using Guthrie cards. Iran J Microbiol 2020; 12: 198-203.
11. Gao X, Chen X-S, Yin Y-P, Zhong M-Y, Shi M-Q, Wei W-H, et al. Distribution study of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among high-risk women in China performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1185-1189.
12. Lima HE, Oliveira MB, Valente BG, Afonso DA, Darocha WD, Souza MC, et al. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from endocervical specimens in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 709-717.
13. Noorbakhsh S, Joghataei MT, Farhadi M, Haghighi F, Emamjome H, Haghighi Hasanabad M. Assessment of hearing loss in two-year follow-up study of neonates with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Iran J Child Neurol 2022; 16: 17-26.
14. Esteghamati A, Mazouri A, Sayyahfar S, Khanaliha KH, Haghighi F, Faramarzi M, et al. Transmission rates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections from pregnant women to newborns, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020; 13(3): e92549.
15. Chamani Tabriz L, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Mosavi-Jarrahi A, Zeraati H, Ghasemi J, Asgari S, et al. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by molecular analysis of urine samples in women attending OB & GYN clinics in Tehran. J Reprod Infertil 2006; 7: 234-242.
16. Wilson JS, Honey E,Templeton A, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Stray-Pedersen B. A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8: 385-394.
17. Adams EJ, Charlett A, Edmunds WJ, Hughes G. Chlamydia trachomatis in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and analysis of prevalence studies. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80: 354-362.
18. Dhawan B, Rawre J, Ghosh A, Malhotra N, Ahmed MM, Sreenivas V, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of a real time-PCR assay for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women in north India. Indian J Med Res 2014; 140: 252-261.
19. Patterson-Lomba O, Goldstein E, Gómez-Liévano A, Castillo-Chavez C, Towers S. Per capita incidence of sexually transmitted infections increases systematically with urban population size: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91: 610-614.
20. Shamkhi GJ, Alkhuzai RAH, Al-Shukr NMK. Molecular Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in Iraqi married pregnant and non-pregnant women. Arch Razi Inst 2022; 77: 761-769.
21. Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PloS One 2015; 10(12): e0143304.
22. Ghazal-Aswad S, Badrinath P, Osman N, Abdul-Khaliq S, Mc IIvenny S, Sidky I. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women in a Middle Eastern community. BMC Womens Health 2004; 4: 3.
23. Taheri Beni B, Motamedi H, Ardakani MR. Genotyping of the prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59: 1023-1028.
24. Javanmard D, Behravan M, Ghannadkafi M, Salehabadi A, Ziaee M, Namaei MH. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in pap smear samples from South Khorasan Province of Iran. Int J Fertil Steril 2018; 12: 31-36.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 6 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11256 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis; Outer membrane protein 1; Pregnant women; Prevalence; Genotyping | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Esteghamati A, Sayyahfar S, Khanaliha K, Tavakoli A, Naghdalipour M, Haghighi Hasanabad M. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and evaluation of its genotypes among pregnant women in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2022;14(6):820-824.
