Efficacious antibacterial potency of novel bacteriophages against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn wound infections
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) leads to the development of antibiotic resistance and mortality in burn patients. One of the alternative strategies for controlling ESBL bacterial infections is clinical trials of bacteriophage therapy. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize specific bacteriophages against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with burn ulcers.
Materials and Methods: Clinical samples were isolated from the hospitalized patient in burn medical centers, Iran. Biochemical screenings and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were determined. The phages were isolated from municipal sewerage treatment plants, Isfahan, Iran. TEM and FESEM, adsorption velocity, growth curve, host range, and the viability of the phage particles as well as proteomics and enzyme digestion patterns were examined.
Results: The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae Iaufa_lad2 (GenBank accession number: MW836954) was confirmed as an ESBL-producing strain using combined disk method. This bacterium showed significant sensitivity to three phages including PɸBw-Kp1, PɸBw-Kp2, and PɸBw-Kp3. Morphological characterization demonstrated that the phage PɸBw-Kp3 to the Siphoviridae family (lambda-like phages) and both phages PɸBw-Kp1 and ɸBw-Kp2 to the Podoviridae family (T1-like phages). The isolated bacteriophages had a large burst size, thermal and pH viability and efficient adsorption rate to the host cells.
Conclusion: In present study, the efficacy of bacteriophages against ESBL pathogenic bacterium promises a remarkable achievement for phage therapy. It seems that, these isolated bacteriophages, in the form of phage cocktails, had a strong antibacterial impacts and a broad-spectrum strategy against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn ulcers.
1. Galeiras R, Lorente JA, Pértega S, Vallejo A, Tomicic V, de la Cal MA, et al. A model for predicting mortality among critically ill burn victims. Burns 2009; 35: 201-209.
2. Bloemsma GC, Dokter J, Boxma H, Oen IM. Mortality and causes of death in a burn centre. Burns 2008; 34: 1103-1107.
3. Panjeshahin MR, Lari AR, Tali A, Shamsnia J, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the south west of Iran. Burns 2001; 27: 219-226.
4. D’Avignon LC, Hogan BK, Murray CK, Loo FL, Hospenthal DR, Cancio LC, et al. Contribution of bacterial and viral infections to attributable mortality in patients with severe burns: an autopsy series. Burns 2010; 36: 773-779.
5. Mayhall CG. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 543-550.
6. Bennett JW, Robertson JL, Hospenthal DR, Wolf SE, Chung KK, Mende K, et al. Impact of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in severely burned patients. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211: 391-399.
7. Hubab M, Maab H, Hayat A, Ur Rehman M. Burn wound microbiology and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in three burn units of Abbottabad, Pakistan. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 1207-1211.
8. Gupta M, Naik AK, Singh SK. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns of burn wound infections in a tertiary care hospital. Heliyon 2019; 5(12): e02956.
9. Vahedi A, Soltan Dallal MM, Douraghi M, Nikkhahi F, Rajabi Z, Yousefi M, et al. Isolation and identification of specific bacteriophage against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and in vitro and in vivo characterization of bacteriophage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365(16): fny136.
10. Herridge WP, Shibu P, O'Shea J, Brook TC, Hoyles L. Bacteriophages of Klebsiella spp., their diversity and potential therapeutic uses. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69: 176-194.
11. Abedon ST (2008). Bacteriophage ecology: population growth, evolution, and impact of bacterial viruses. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge and New York.
12. Hemminga MA, Vos WL, Nazarov PV, Koehorst RB, Wolfs CJ, Spruijt RB, et al. Viruses: incredible nanomachines. new advances with filamentous phages. Eur Biophys J 2010; 39: 541-550.
13. Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. The perfect bacteriophage for therapeutic applications-a quick guide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8: 126.
14. Donlan RM. Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17: 66-72.
15. Kropinski AM. Measurement of the bacteriophage inactivation kinetics with purified receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 501: 157-160.
16. Barbu EM, Cady KC, Hubby B. Phage therapy in the era of synthetic biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8(10): a023879.
17. Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, Winston B, Lindsay R. Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 403-434.
18. Palmeiro JK, de Souza RF, Schörner MA, Passarelli-Araujo H, Grazziotin AL, Vidal NM, et al. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 1669.
19. Gootz TD. The global problem of antibiotic resistance. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30: 79-93.
20. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 657-686.
21. Amirmozafari N, Tehrani HF, Tavaf Langeroodi Z, Abdullahi A. Survey of drug resistance due to extended spectrum β-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Res Med 2007; 31: 241-245.
22. Feizabadi MM, Mahamadi-Yeganeh S, Mirsalehian A, Mirafshar SM, Mahboobi M, Nili F, et al. Genetic characterization of ESBL producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Tehran hospitals. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 609-615.
23. Lee CH, Su LH, Tang YF, Liu JW. Treatment of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia with carbapenems or flomoxef: a retrospective study and laboratory analysis of the isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 1074-1077.
24. Kęsik-Szeloch A, Drulis-Kawa Z, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Kassner J, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Augustyniak D, et al. Characterising the biology of novel lytic bacteriophages infecting multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virol J 2013; 10: 100.
25. Agnihotri N, Gupta V, Joshi RM. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms--a five-year study. Burns 2004; 30: 241-243.
26. Turner PJ. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 Suppl 4: S273-275.
27. Bandekar N, Vinodkumar CS, Basavarajappa KG, Prabhakar PJ, Nagaraj P. Beta lactamases mediated resistance amongst gram-negative bacilli in burn infection. Int J Biol Med Res 2011; 2: 766-770.
28. Shrestha S, Amatya R, Dutta R. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production in gram-negative isolates from pyogenic infection in tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13: 186-189.
29. Naghavi NS, Golgoljam M, Akbari M. Effect of three sewage isolated bacteriophages on the multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. J Biol Sci 2013; 13: 422-426.
30. Cheng F, Li Z, Lan S, Liu W, Li X, Zhou Z, et al. Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with cattle infections in southwest China using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated gene profile analysis. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): 93-100.
31. Gharavi MJ, Zarei J, Roshani-Asl P,Yazdanyar Z, Sharif M, Rashidi N. Comprehensive study of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) prevalence in bacteria isolated from urine samples. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 578.
32. Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI). Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters for veterinary antimicrobial agents; approved guideline- 3rd Ed. CLSI document M37–A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne, Pennsylvania. USA. 2008.
33. Linscott AJ, Brown WJ. Evaluation of four commercially available extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotypic confirmation tests. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1081-1085.
34. Rudresh SM, Nagarathnamma T. Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae & antibiotic co-resistance. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133: 116-118.
35. Mendes JJ, Leandro C, Mottola C, Barbosa R, Silva FA, Oliveira M, et al. In vitro design of a novel lytic bacteriophage cocktail with therapeutic potential against organisms causing diabetic foot infections. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63: 1055-1065.
36. Ghasemi SM, Bouzari M, Emtiazi G. Preliminary characterization of Lactococcus garvieae bacteriophage isolated from wastewater as a potential agent for biological control of lactococcosis in aquaculture. Aquacult Int 2014; 22: 1469-1480.
37. Beheshti Maal K, Soleimani Delfan A, Salmanizadeh S. Isolation and identification of two novel Escherichia coli bacteriophages and their application in wastewater treatment and coliform’s phage therapy. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8(3): e14945.
38. Ács N, Gambino M, Brøndsted L. Bacteriophage enumeration and detection methods. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 594868.
39. Carroll-Portillo A, Coffman CN, Varga MG, Alcock J, Singh SB, Lin HC. Standard bacteriophage purification procedures cause loss in numbers and activity. Viruses 2021; 13: 328.
40. Krupovic M, Dutilh BE, Adriaenssens EM, Wittmann J, Vogensen FK, Sullivan MB, et al. Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: update from the ICTV bacterial and archaeal viruses subcommittee. Arch Virol 2016; 161: 1095-1099.
41. Rahimzadeh Torabi L, Doudi M, Naghavi NS, Monajemi R. Isolation, characterization, and effectiveness of bacteriophage Pɸ-Bw-Ab against XDR Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from nosocomial burn wound infection. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24: 1254-1263.
42. Sillankorva S, Neubauer P, Azeredo J. Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms subjected to phage phiIBB-PF7A. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8: 79.
43. O'Flaherty S, Coffey A, Edwards R, Meaney W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Genome of staphylococcal phage K: a new lineage of Myoviridae infecting gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content. J Bacteriol 2004; 186: 2862-2871.
44. Shang Y, Sun Q, Chen H, Wu Q, Chen M, Yang S, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel Salmonella phage vB_SalP_TR2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12: 664810.
45. Karumidze N, Kusradze Ia, Rigvava S, Goderdzishvili M, Rajakumar K, Alavidze Z. Isolation and characterisation of lytic bacteriophages of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Curr Microbiol 2013; 66: 251-258.
46. Wintachai P, Naknaen A, Thammaphet J, Pomwised R, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae phage KP1801 and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 11803.
47. Park EA, Kim YT, Cho JH, Ryu S, Lee JH. Characterization and genome analysis of novel bacteriophages infecting the opportunistic human pathogens Klebsiella oxytoca and K. pneumoniae. Arch Virol 2017; 162: 1129-1139.
48. Maciejewska B, Roszniowski B, Espaillat A, Kęsik-Szeloch A, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Kropinski AM, et al. Klebsiella phages representing a novel clade of viruses with an unknown DNA modification and biotechnologically interesting enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101: 673-684.
49. Pallavali RR, Degati VL, Lomada D, Reddy MC, Durbaka VRP. Isolation and in vitro evaluation of bacteriophages against MDR-bacterial isolates from septic wound infections. PLoS One 2017; 12(7): e0179245.
50. Cao F, Wang X, Wang L, Li Z, Che J, Wang L, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a bacteriophage in the treatment of pneumonia induced by multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 752930.
51. Komijani M, Bouzari M, Rahimi F. Detection and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage (vBKpneM-Isf48) against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from infected wounds carrying antibiotic resistance genes (TEM, SHV, and CTX-M). Iran Red Crescent Med J 2017; 19.
52. Horváth M, Kovács T, Koderivalappil S, Abraham H, Rakhely G, Schneider G. Identification of a newly isolated lytic bacteriophage against K24 capsular type, carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 5891.
53. Zurabov F, Zhilenkov E. Characterization of four virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophages, and evaluation of their potential use in complex phage preparation. Virol J 2021; 18: 9.
2. Bloemsma GC, Dokter J, Boxma H, Oen IM. Mortality and causes of death in a burn centre. Burns 2008; 34: 1103-1107.
3. Panjeshahin MR, Lari AR, Tali A, Shamsnia J, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the south west of Iran. Burns 2001; 27: 219-226.
4. D’Avignon LC, Hogan BK, Murray CK, Loo FL, Hospenthal DR, Cancio LC, et al. Contribution of bacterial and viral infections to attributable mortality in patients with severe burns: an autopsy series. Burns 2010; 36: 773-779.
5. Mayhall CG. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 543-550.
6. Bennett JW, Robertson JL, Hospenthal DR, Wolf SE, Chung KK, Mende K, et al. Impact of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in severely burned patients. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211: 391-399.
7. Hubab M, Maab H, Hayat A, Ur Rehman M. Burn wound microbiology and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in three burn units of Abbottabad, Pakistan. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 1207-1211.
8. Gupta M, Naik AK, Singh SK. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns of burn wound infections in a tertiary care hospital. Heliyon 2019; 5(12): e02956.
9. Vahedi A, Soltan Dallal MM, Douraghi M, Nikkhahi F, Rajabi Z, Yousefi M, et al. Isolation and identification of specific bacteriophage against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and in vitro and in vivo characterization of bacteriophage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365(16): fny136.
10. Herridge WP, Shibu P, O'Shea J, Brook TC, Hoyles L. Bacteriophages of Klebsiella spp., their diversity and potential therapeutic uses. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69: 176-194.
11. Abedon ST (2008). Bacteriophage ecology: population growth, evolution, and impact of bacterial viruses. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge and New York.
12. Hemminga MA, Vos WL, Nazarov PV, Koehorst RB, Wolfs CJ, Spruijt RB, et al. Viruses: incredible nanomachines. new advances with filamentous phages. Eur Biophys J 2010; 39: 541-550.
13. Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. The perfect bacteriophage for therapeutic applications-a quick guide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8: 126.
14. Donlan RM. Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17: 66-72.
15. Kropinski AM. Measurement of the bacteriophage inactivation kinetics with purified receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 501: 157-160.
16. Barbu EM, Cady KC, Hubby B. Phage therapy in the era of synthetic biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8(10): a023879.
17. Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, Winston B, Lindsay R. Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 403-434.
18. Palmeiro JK, de Souza RF, Schörner MA, Passarelli-Araujo H, Grazziotin AL, Vidal NM, et al. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 1669.
19. Gootz TD. The global problem of antibiotic resistance. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30: 79-93.
20. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 657-686.
21. Amirmozafari N, Tehrani HF, Tavaf Langeroodi Z, Abdullahi A. Survey of drug resistance due to extended spectrum β-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Res Med 2007; 31: 241-245.
22. Feizabadi MM, Mahamadi-Yeganeh S, Mirsalehian A, Mirafshar SM, Mahboobi M, Nili F, et al. Genetic characterization of ESBL producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Tehran hospitals. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 609-615.
23. Lee CH, Su LH, Tang YF, Liu JW. Treatment of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia with carbapenems or flomoxef: a retrospective study and laboratory analysis of the isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 1074-1077.
24. Kęsik-Szeloch A, Drulis-Kawa Z, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Kassner J, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Augustyniak D, et al. Characterising the biology of novel lytic bacteriophages infecting multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virol J 2013; 10: 100.
25. Agnihotri N, Gupta V, Joshi RM. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms--a five-year study. Burns 2004; 30: 241-243.
26. Turner PJ. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 Suppl 4: S273-275.
27. Bandekar N, Vinodkumar CS, Basavarajappa KG, Prabhakar PJ, Nagaraj P. Beta lactamases mediated resistance amongst gram-negative bacilli in burn infection. Int J Biol Med Res 2011; 2: 766-770.
28. Shrestha S, Amatya R, Dutta R. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production in gram-negative isolates from pyogenic infection in tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13: 186-189.
29. Naghavi NS, Golgoljam M, Akbari M. Effect of three sewage isolated bacteriophages on the multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. J Biol Sci 2013; 13: 422-426.
30. Cheng F, Li Z, Lan S, Liu W, Li X, Zhou Z, et al. Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with cattle infections in southwest China using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated gene profile analysis. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): 93-100.
31. Gharavi MJ, Zarei J, Roshani-Asl P,Yazdanyar Z, Sharif M, Rashidi N. Comprehensive study of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) prevalence in bacteria isolated from urine samples. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 578.
32. Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI). Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters for veterinary antimicrobial agents; approved guideline- 3rd Ed. CLSI document M37–A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne, Pennsylvania. USA. 2008.
33. Linscott AJ, Brown WJ. Evaluation of four commercially available extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotypic confirmation tests. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1081-1085.
34. Rudresh SM, Nagarathnamma T. Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae & antibiotic co-resistance. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133: 116-118.
35. Mendes JJ, Leandro C, Mottola C, Barbosa R, Silva FA, Oliveira M, et al. In vitro design of a novel lytic bacteriophage cocktail with therapeutic potential against organisms causing diabetic foot infections. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63: 1055-1065.
36. Ghasemi SM, Bouzari M, Emtiazi G. Preliminary characterization of Lactococcus garvieae bacteriophage isolated from wastewater as a potential agent for biological control of lactococcosis in aquaculture. Aquacult Int 2014; 22: 1469-1480.
37. Beheshti Maal K, Soleimani Delfan A, Salmanizadeh S. Isolation and identification of two novel Escherichia coli bacteriophages and their application in wastewater treatment and coliform’s phage therapy. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8(3): e14945.
38. Ács N, Gambino M, Brøndsted L. Bacteriophage enumeration and detection methods. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 594868.
39. Carroll-Portillo A, Coffman CN, Varga MG, Alcock J, Singh SB, Lin HC. Standard bacteriophage purification procedures cause loss in numbers and activity. Viruses 2021; 13: 328.
40. Krupovic M, Dutilh BE, Adriaenssens EM, Wittmann J, Vogensen FK, Sullivan MB, et al. Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: update from the ICTV bacterial and archaeal viruses subcommittee. Arch Virol 2016; 161: 1095-1099.
41. Rahimzadeh Torabi L, Doudi M, Naghavi NS, Monajemi R. Isolation, characterization, and effectiveness of bacteriophage Pɸ-Bw-Ab against XDR Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from nosocomial burn wound infection. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24: 1254-1263.
42. Sillankorva S, Neubauer P, Azeredo J. Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms subjected to phage phiIBB-PF7A. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8: 79.
43. O'Flaherty S, Coffey A, Edwards R, Meaney W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Genome of staphylococcal phage K: a new lineage of Myoviridae infecting gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content. J Bacteriol 2004; 186: 2862-2871.
44. Shang Y, Sun Q, Chen H, Wu Q, Chen M, Yang S, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel Salmonella phage vB_SalP_TR2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12: 664810.
45. Karumidze N, Kusradze Ia, Rigvava S, Goderdzishvili M, Rajakumar K, Alavidze Z. Isolation and characterisation of lytic bacteriophages of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Curr Microbiol 2013; 66: 251-258.
46. Wintachai P, Naknaen A, Thammaphet J, Pomwised R, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae phage KP1801 and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 11803.
47. Park EA, Kim YT, Cho JH, Ryu S, Lee JH. Characterization and genome analysis of novel bacteriophages infecting the opportunistic human pathogens Klebsiella oxytoca and K. pneumoniae. Arch Virol 2017; 162: 1129-1139.
48. Maciejewska B, Roszniowski B, Espaillat A, Kęsik-Szeloch A, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Kropinski AM, et al. Klebsiella phages representing a novel clade of viruses with an unknown DNA modification and biotechnologically interesting enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101: 673-684.
49. Pallavali RR, Degati VL, Lomada D, Reddy MC, Durbaka VRP. Isolation and in vitro evaluation of bacteriophages against MDR-bacterial isolates from septic wound infections. PLoS One 2017; 12(7): e0179245.
50. Cao F, Wang X, Wang L, Li Z, Che J, Wang L, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a bacteriophage in the treatment of pneumonia induced by multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 752930.
51. Komijani M, Bouzari M, Rahimi F. Detection and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage (vBKpneM-Isf48) against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from infected wounds carrying antibiotic resistance genes (TEM, SHV, and CTX-M). Iran Red Crescent Med J 2017; 19.
52. Horváth M, Kovács T, Koderivalappil S, Abraham H, Rakhely G, Schneider G. Identification of a newly isolated lytic bacteriophage against K24 capsular type, carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 5891.
53. Zurabov F, Zhilenkov E. Characterization of four virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophages, and evaluation of their potential use in complex phage preparation. Virol J 2021; 18: 9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 5 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v13i5.7435 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bacteriophage therapy; Burn; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Extended spectrum beta-lactamase; Wound; Bacterial infections; Restriction endonuclease | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rahimzadeh Torabi L, Naghavi NS, Doudi M, Monajemi R. Efficacious antibacterial potency of novel bacteriophages against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn wound infections. Iran J Microbiol. 2021;13(5):678-690.
