Potential role of gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19, its relationship with lung axis, central nervous system (CNS) axis, and improvement with probiotic therapy
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by a new corona virus. COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. COVID-19 could affect the gastrointestinal system via gut microbiota impairment. Gut microbiota could affect lung health through a relationship between gut and lung microbiota, which is named gut-lung axis. Gut microbiota impairment plays a role in pathogenesis of various pulmonary disease states, so GI diseases were found to be associated with respiratory diseases. Moreover, most infected people will develop mild to moderate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomachache, which is caused by impairment in gut microbiota. Therefore, the current study aimed to review potential role of gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19, its relation with lung axis, Central Nervous System (CNS) axis and improvement with probiotic therapy. Also, this review can be a guide for potential role of gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19.
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14. Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, Guo H, Hao X, Wang Q, et al. Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323 :1915-1923.
15. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, Yan J, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115: 766-773.
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17. Viana SD, Nunes S, Reis F. ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with age-related comorbidities–role of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62: 101123.
18. Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY, Yeoh YK, Li AYL, Zhan H, et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 944-955.e8.
19. Gu S, Chen Y, Wu Z, Chen Y, Gao H, Lv L, et al. Alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 influenza. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71: 2669-2678.
20. Villapol S. Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome. Transl Res 2020; 226: 57-69.
21. He Y, Wang J, Li F, Shi Y. Main clinical features of COVID-19 and potential prognostic and therapeutic value of the microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 1302.
22. AKTAŞ B, Aslim B. Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19. Turk J Biol 2020; 44: 265-272.
23. Andrade MC, de Faria RS, Avelino Mota Nobre S. COVID-19: Can the symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection affect the homeostasis of the gut-brain-microbiota axis? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144: 110206.
24. Rishi P, Thakur K, Vij S, Rishi L, Singh A, Kaur IP, et al. Diet, gut microbiota and COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60: 1-10.
25. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, Lui GC, Tso EYK, Yeoh YK, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021; 70: 276-284.
26. Scalise M, Indiveri C. Repurposing nimesulide, a potent inhibitor of the B0AT1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, as a therapeutic adjuvant of COVID-19. SLAS Discov 2020; 25: 1171-1173.
27. Mönkemüller K, Fry L, Rickes S. COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and the small bowel. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2020; 112: 383-388.
28. Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Immunological co-ordination between gut and lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res 2020; 286: 198103.
29. Mak JWY, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Probiotics and COVID-19: one size does not fit all. Lancet
Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5: 644-645.
30. Gao XW, Mubasher M, Fang CY, Reifer C, Miller LE. Dose–response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1636-1641.
31. Miri SM, Roozbeh F, Omranirad A, Alavian SM. Panic of buying toilet papers: a historical memory or a horrible truth? systematic review of gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19. Hepat Mon 2020(3); e102729.
32. Pence BD. Severe COVID-19 and aging: are monocytes the key? Geroscience 2020; 42: 1051-1061.
33. Conte L, Toraldo DM. Targeting the gut–lung microbiota axis by means of a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020; 14: 1753466620937170.
34. Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DL, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut–lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15: 55-63.
35. Dang AT, Marsland BJ. Microbes, metabolites, and the gut–lung axis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12: 843-850.
36. He Y, Wen Q, Yao F, Xu D, Huang Y, Wang J. Gut–lung axis: the microbial contributions and clinical implications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43: 81-95.
37. Dumas A, Bernard L, Poquet Y, Lugo‐Villarino G, Neyrolles O. The role of the lung microbiota and the gut–lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20(12): e12966.
38. Marsland BJ, Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES. The gut–lung axis in respiratory disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12 Suppl 2: S150-6.
39. Chunxi L, Haiyue L, Yanxia L, Jianbing P, Jin S. The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020: 2340670.
40. Sencio V, Machado MG, Trottein F. The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: The impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14: 296-304.
41. Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, Núñez G. Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 2017; 279: 70-89.
42. He LH, Ren LF, Li JF, Wu YN, Li X, Zhang L. Intestinal flora as a potential strategy to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 1388.
43. Cadegiani FA, Wambier CG, Goren A. Spironolactone: an anti-androgenic and anti-hypertensive drug that may provide protection against the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 453.
44. Anderson G, Reiter RJ. COVID-19 pathophysiology: interactions of gut microbiome, melatonin, vitamin D, stress, kynurenine and the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor: treatment implications. Melatonin Res 2020; 3: 322-345.
45. Fromentin M, Ricard J-D, Roux D. Respiratory microbiome in mechanically ventilated patients: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47: 292-306.
46. Mukherjee S, Hanidziar D. More of the gut in the lung: how two microbiomes meet in ARDS. Yale J Biol Med 2018; 91: 143-149.
47. Dickson RP. The lung microbiome and ARDS. It is time to broaden the model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197: 549-551.
48. Adelman MW, Woodworth MH, Langelier C, Busch LM, Kempker JA, Kraft CS, et al. The gut microbiome’s role in the development, maintenance, and outcomes of sepsis. Crit Care 2020; 24: 278.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v14i1.8794 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coronavirus disease 2019; Gut microbiota; Lung axis; Central nervous system; Probiotic | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Alibeik N, Pishgar E, Bozorgmehr R, Aghaaliakbari F, Rahimian N. Potential role of gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19, its relationship with lung axis, central nervous system (CNS) axis, and improvement with probiotic therapy. Iran J Microbiol. 2022;14(1):1-9.
