Seroepidemiological survey of brucellosis and Q fever among high-risk occupations in northeast of Iran for first time
,
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Brucellosis and Q fever are considered as occupational hazards to people in contact with domestic animals or their carcasses. The present cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and Q fever among professions at risk in the North Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran during 2020.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 185 sera samples were collected from butchers, slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and veterinarians in different counties of the province. The collected sera were tested by ELISA test for the detection of IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. A questionnaire was filled for each participant to investigate demographic characteristics information (i.e., age, gender, educational status, occupation, years of occupational experience, and location), and any exposure to risk factors (animals Keeping, consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, exposure to ill or dead animals, tick bite, splashing animal fluids, travel history, and use of personal protective equipment) that could be associated with these infections.
Results: The seroprevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii and Brucella spp. were 17.2% and 19.4%, respectively. Twelve participants also had Q fever and brucellosis co-infection, with a prevalence of 6.4%.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it is concluded that brucellosis and Q fever occur among the high-risk populations in this area and it needs more surveillance to control the diseases by public health and veterinary authorities.
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7. Bond K, Franklin L, Sutton B, Stevenson M, Firestone S. Review of 20 years of human acute Q fever notifications in Victoria, 1994–2013. Aust Vet J 2018;96:223-230.
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10. Kayedi MH, Mokhayeri H, Birjandi M, Chegeni-Sharafi A, Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in Lorestan province, western Iran, 2014. Iran J Microbiol 2017;9:213-218.
11. Bokaei S, Heydari LS, Abbaszadeh S, Mousakhani H, Rarani M, Sharifi L. Ecological study of brucellosis in humans and animals in Khoy, a mountainous District of the IR. of Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2009; 1:14-17.
12. Igawe PB, Okolocha E, Kia GS, Irmiya IB, Balogun MS, Nguku P. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors among abattoir workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020;35:33.
13. Mirnejad R, Jazi FM, Mostafaei S, Sedighi M. Epidemiology of brucellosis in Iran: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study. Microb Pathog 2017;109:239-247.
14. Chalabiani S, Nazari MK, Davoodi NR, Shabani M, Mardani M, Sarafnejad A, et al. The prevalence of Brucellosis in different provinces of Iran during 2013–2015. Iran J Public Health 2019;48:132-138.
15. Avila-Granados LM, Garcia-Gonzalez DG, Zambrano-Varon JL, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Brucellosis in Colombia: Current status and challenges in the control of an endemic disease. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:321.
16. Purwar S. Human brucellosis: a burden of half-million cases per year. South Med J 2007;100:1074.
17. Abdali F, Hosseinzadeh S, Berizi E, Shams S. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in unpasteurized dairy products using nested PCR assay. Iran J Microbiol 2018;10:220-226.
18. Peeridogaheh H, Golmohammadi MG, Pourfarzi F. Evaluation of ELISA and Brucellacapt tests for diagnosis of human Brucellosis. Iran J Microbiol 2013;5:14-18.
19. Khalili M, Mosavi M, Diali HG, Mirza HN. Serologic survey for Coxiella burnetii phase II antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Kerman, southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4(Suppl 1): S209-S212.
20. Mostafavi E, Molaeipoor L, Esmaeili S, Ghasemi A, Kamalizad M, Behzadi M, et al. Seroprevalence of Q fever among high-risk occupations in the Ilam province, the west of Iran. PLoS One 2019; 14(2):e0211781.
21. Khalili M, Qorbani A, Sharifi H, Golchin M. Prevalence and risk factor of Q fever among veterinary students in Iran. Trop Biomed 2015; 32: 704-709.
22. Whitney E, Massung R, Candee A, Ailes E, Myers L, Patterson N, et al. Seroepidemiologic and occupational risk survey for Coxiella burnetii antibodies among US veterinarians. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:550-557.
23. El-Mahallawy H, Lu G, Kelly P, Xu D, Li Y, Fan W, et al. Q fever in China: a systematic review, 1989-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143: 673-681.
24. Cardenosa N, Sanfeliu I, Font B, Munoz T, Nogueras MM, Segura F. Seroprevalence of human infection by Coxiella burnetii in Barcelona (northeast of Spain). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75: 33-35.
25. Tozer S, Lambert S, Sloots T, Nissen M. Q fever seroprevalence in metropolitan samples is similar to rural/remote samples in Queensland, Australia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30: 1287-1293.
26. Bosnjak E, Hvass A, Villumsen S, Nielsen H. Emerging evidence for Q fever in humans in Denmark:role of contact with dairy cattle. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 1285-1288.
27. Pakzad R, Pakzad I, Safiri S, Shirzadi MR, Mohammadpour M, Behroozi A, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of brucellosis incidence in Iran from 2011 to 2014 using GIS. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 67:129-136.
28. Mamani M, Majzoobi M, Keramat F, Varmaghani N, Moghimbeigi A. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Butchers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers in Hamadan, Western Iran. J Res Health Sci 2018; 18(1):e00406.
29. Nikokar I, Hosseinpour M, Asmar M, Pirmohbatei SH, Hakeimei F, Razavei MT. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among high risk individuals in Guilan, Iran. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16: 1366-1371.
30. Ghajar M, Roozbeh F, Abolghasemi S, Ahmadi F, Alizadeh-Navaei R. Brucellosis seroprevalence in the normal and high-risk individuals in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Invest 2016;5:76-80.
31. Mukhtar F. Brucellosis in a high risk occupational group: seroprevalence and analysis of risk factors. J Pak Med Assoc 2010; 60: 1031-1034.
32. Mukhtar F, Kokab F. Brucella serology in abattoir workers. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008; 20: 57-61.
33. Ali S, Ali Q, Neubauer H, Melzer F, Elschner M, Khan I, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis as a professional hazard in Pakistan. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10: 500-505.
34. Muhammad N, Hossain M, Musa A, Mahmud M, Paul S, Rahman M, et al. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis among the population at risk in rural area. Mymensingh Med J 2010; 19:1-4.
35. Barbuddhe S, Kumar P, Malika S, Singh D, Gupta L. Seropositivity for intracellular bacterial infections among abattoir associated personnels. J Commun Dis 2000; 32: 295-299.
36. Swai E, Schoonman L. Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga Municipality, Tanzania. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56: 183-187.
37. Ramos TRR, Pinheiro JW Junior, Moura Sobrinho PA, Santana VLA, Guerra NR, Melo LEH, et al. Epi-demiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguana, Tocantins. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 133-138.
38. Yoo SJ, Choi YS, Lim HS, Lee K, Park MY, Chu C, et al. [Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers in Korea]. J Prev Med Public Health 2009; 42:237-242.
2. Esmaeili S, Pourhossein B, Gouya MM, Amiri FB, Mostafavi E. Seroepidemiological survey of Q fever and brucellosis in Kurdistan Province, western Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014;14:41-45.
3. Gonçalves DD, Teles PS, Reis CRd, Lopes FMR, Freire RL, Navarro IT, et al. Seroepidemiology and occupational and environmental variables for leptospirosis, brucellosis and toxoplasmosis in slaughterhouse workers in the Paraná State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006;48:135-140.
4. Esmaeili S, Naddaf SR, Pourhossein B, Shahraki AH, Amiri FB, Gouya MM, et al. Seroprevalence of brucellosis, leptospirosis, and Q fever among butchers and slaughterhouse workers in south-eastern Iran. PLoS One 2016;11(1): e0144953.
5. Nokhodian Z, Feizi A, Ataei B, Hoseini SG, Mostafavi E. Epidemiology of Q fever in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis for estimating serological and molecular prevalence. J Res Med Sci 2017;22:121.
6. Mobarez AM, Amiri FB, Esmaeili S. Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(4): e0005521.
7. Bond K, Franklin L, Sutton B, Stevenson M, Firestone S. Review of 20 years of human acute Q fever notifications in Victoria, 1994–2013. Aust Vet J 2018;96:223-230.
8. Woldeyohannes SM, Gilks CF, Baker P, Perkins NR, Reid SA. Seroprevlance of Coxiella burnetii among abattoir and slaughterhouse workers: A meta-analysis. One Health 2018;6:23-28.
9. Nokhodian Z, Ataei B, Moradi A, Yaran M, Hoseini SG, Feizi A, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii infection among high-risk population in center of Iran, a neglected health problem. Acta Trop 2017;169:107-111.
10. Kayedi MH, Mokhayeri H, Birjandi M, Chegeni-Sharafi A, Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in Lorestan province, western Iran, 2014. Iran J Microbiol 2017;9:213-218.
11. Bokaei S, Heydari LS, Abbaszadeh S, Mousakhani H, Rarani M, Sharifi L. Ecological study of brucellosis in humans and animals in Khoy, a mountainous District of the IR. of Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2009; 1:14-17.
12. Igawe PB, Okolocha E, Kia GS, Irmiya IB, Balogun MS, Nguku P. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors among abattoir workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020;35:33.
13. Mirnejad R, Jazi FM, Mostafaei S, Sedighi M. Epidemiology of brucellosis in Iran: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study. Microb Pathog 2017;109:239-247.
14. Chalabiani S, Nazari MK, Davoodi NR, Shabani M, Mardani M, Sarafnejad A, et al. The prevalence of Brucellosis in different provinces of Iran during 2013–2015. Iran J Public Health 2019;48:132-138.
15. Avila-Granados LM, Garcia-Gonzalez DG, Zambrano-Varon JL, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Brucellosis in Colombia: Current status and challenges in the control of an endemic disease. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:321.
16. Purwar S. Human brucellosis: a burden of half-million cases per year. South Med J 2007;100:1074.
17. Abdali F, Hosseinzadeh S, Berizi E, Shams S. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in unpasteurized dairy products using nested PCR assay. Iran J Microbiol 2018;10:220-226.
18. Peeridogaheh H, Golmohammadi MG, Pourfarzi F. Evaluation of ELISA and Brucellacapt tests for diagnosis of human Brucellosis. Iran J Microbiol 2013;5:14-18.
19. Khalili M, Mosavi M, Diali HG, Mirza HN. Serologic survey for Coxiella burnetii phase II antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Kerman, southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4(Suppl 1): S209-S212.
20. Mostafavi E, Molaeipoor L, Esmaeili S, Ghasemi A, Kamalizad M, Behzadi M, et al. Seroprevalence of Q fever among high-risk occupations in the Ilam province, the west of Iran. PLoS One 2019; 14(2):e0211781.
21. Khalili M, Qorbani A, Sharifi H, Golchin M. Prevalence and risk factor of Q fever among veterinary students in Iran. Trop Biomed 2015; 32: 704-709.
22. Whitney E, Massung R, Candee A, Ailes E, Myers L, Patterson N, et al. Seroepidemiologic and occupational risk survey for Coxiella burnetii antibodies among US veterinarians. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:550-557.
23. El-Mahallawy H, Lu G, Kelly P, Xu D, Li Y, Fan W, et al. Q fever in China: a systematic review, 1989-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143: 673-681.
24. Cardenosa N, Sanfeliu I, Font B, Munoz T, Nogueras MM, Segura F. Seroprevalence of human infection by Coxiella burnetii in Barcelona (northeast of Spain). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75: 33-35.
25. Tozer S, Lambert S, Sloots T, Nissen M. Q fever seroprevalence in metropolitan samples is similar to rural/remote samples in Queensland, Australia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30: 1287-1293.
26. Bosnjak E, Hvass A, Villumsen S, Nielsen H. Emerging evidence for Q fever in humans in Denmark:role of contact with dairy cattle. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 1285-1288.
27. Pakzad R, Pakzad I, Safiri S, Shirzadi MR, Mohammadpour M, Behroozi A, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of brucellosis incidence in Iran from 2011 to 2014 using GIS. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 67:129-136.
28. Mamani M, Majzoobi M, Keramat F, Varmaghani N, Moghimbeigi A. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Butchers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers in Hamadan, Western Iran. J Res Health Sci 2018; 18(1):e00406.
29. Nikokar I, Hosseinpour M, Asmar M, Pirmohbatei SH, Hakeimei F, Razavei MT. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among high risk individuals in Guilan, Iran. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16: 1366-1371.
30. Ghajar M, Roozbeh F, Abolghasemi S, Ahmadi F, Alizadeh-Navaei R. Brucellosis seroprevalence in the normal and high-risk individuals in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Invest 2016;5:76-80.
31. Mukhtar F. Brucellosis in a high risk occupational group: seroprevalence and analysis of risk factors. J Pak Med Assoc 2010; 60: 1031-1034.
32. Mukhtar F, Kokab F. Brucella serology in abattoir workers. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008; 20: 57-61.
33. Ali S, Ali Q, Neubauer H, Melzer F, Elschner M, Khan I, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis as a professional hazard in Pakistan. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10: 500-505.
34. Muhammad N, Hossain M, Musa A, Mahmud M, Paul S, Rahman M, et al. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis among the population at risk in rural area. Mymensingh Med J 2010; 19:1-4.
35. Barbuddhe S, Kumar P, Malika S, Singh D, Gupta L. Seropositivity for intracellular bacterial infections among abattoir associated personnels. J Commun Dis 2000; 32: 295-299.
36. Swai E, Schoonman L. Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga Municipality, Tanzania. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56: 183-187.
37. Ramos TRR, Pinheiro JW Junior, Moura Sobrinho PA, Santana VLA, Guerra NR, Melo LEH, et al. Epi-demiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguana, Tocantins. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 133-138.
38. Yoo SJ, Choi YS, Lim HS, Lee K, Park MY, Chu C, et al. [Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers in Korea]. J Prev Med Public Health 2009; 42:237-242.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v13i3.6395 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coxiella burnetii; Brucella spp.; High-risk population; Seroprevalence; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sabzevari S, Shoraka H, Seyyedin M. Seroepidemiological survey of brucellosis and Q fever among high-risk occupations in northeast of Iran for first time. Iran J Microbiol. 2021;13(3):325-336.
