Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran
-
Fahimeh Sadat Aghamirmohammadali
,
Kaveh Sadeghi
,
Nazanin Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi
,
Zahra Khoban
,
Talat Mokhtari-Azad
,
Jila Yavarian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) remain an important cause for childhood morbidity worldwide. We designed a research with the objective of finding the frequency of respiratory viruses, particularly WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV & KIPyV), human coronaviruses (HCoVs), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) in hospitalized children who were influenza negative.
Materials and Methods: Throat swabs were collected from children younger than 5 years who have been hospitalized for SARI and screened for WUPyV, KIPyV, HCoVs, HRSV and HPeV using Real time PCR.
Results: A viral pathogen was identified in 23 (11.16%) of 206 hospitalized children with SARI. The rate of virus detection was considerably greater in infants <12 months (78.2%) than in older children (21.8%). The most frequently detected viruses were HCoVs with 7.76% of positive cases followed by KIPyV (2%) and WUPyV (1.5%). No HPeV and HRSV were detected in this study.
Conclusion: This research shown respiratory viruses as causes of childhood acute respiratory infections, while as most of mentioned viruses usually causes mild respiratory diseases, their frequency might be higher in outpatient children. Meanwhile as HRSV is really sensitive to inactivation due to environmental situations and its genome maybe degraded, then for future studies, we need to use fresh samples for HRSV detection. These findings addressed a need for more studies on viral respiratory tract infections to help public health.
1. Zhuang WL, Lu XD, Lin GY, Wu Y, Lin CX, Chen PZ, et al. WU polyomavirus infection among children in South China. J Med Virol 2011;83:1440-1445.
2. Payungporn S, Chieochansin T, Thongmee C, Samransamruajkit R, Theamboolers A, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of WU/KI polyomaviruses isolated from pediatric patients with respiratory disease in Thailand. Virus Res 2008;135:230-236.
3. Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC. Understanding human coronavirus HCoV-NL63. Open Virol J 2010;4:76-84.
4. Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, El Idrissi NB, Pyrc K, Müller MA, Kuijpers TW, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2368-2373.
5. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, DrosteN CH, Gulyaeva AA, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:536-544.
6. Malasao R, Okamoto M, Chaimongkol N, Imamura T, Tohma K, Dapat I, et al. Molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus in the Philippines, 2012-2013. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0142192.
7. Allander T, Andreasson K, Gupta S, Bjerkner A, Bogdanovic G, Persson MA, et al. Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol 2007;81:4130-4136.
8. Gaynor AM, Nissen MD, Whiley DM, Mackay IM, Lambert SB, Wu G, et al. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog 2007;3(5): e64.
9. Hansen-Estruch C, Coleman K, Thoon KC, Low J, Anderson BD, Gray GC. Prevalence of respiratory polyomaviruses among pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms in Singapore. Front Pediatr 2018;6:228.
10. Csoma E, Mészáros B, Asztalos L, Gergely L. WU and KI polyomaviruses in respiratory, blood and urine samples from renal transplant patients. J Clin Virol 2015;64:28-33.
11. Harvala H, Robertson I, Leitch EM, Benschop K, Wolthers K, Templeton K, et al. Epidemiology and clinical associations of human parechovirus respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3446-3453.
12. Kuypers J, Campbell AP, Guthrie KA, Wright NL, Englund JA, Corey L, et al. WU and KI polyomaviruses in respiratory samples from allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:1580-1588.
13. Esposito S, Bosis S, Niesters HG, Tremolati E, Begliatti E, Rognoni A, et al. Impact of human coronavirus infections in otherwise healthy children who attended an emergency department. J Med Virol 2006;78:1609-1615.
14. Ligozzi M, Galia L, Carelli M, Piccaluga PP, Diani E, Gibellini D. Duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV in nasopharyngeal aspirate pediatric samples. Mol Cell Probes 2018;40:13-18.
15. Yuan X-h, Jin Y, Xie Z-p, Gao H-c, Xu Z-q, Zheng L-s, et al. Prevalence of human KI and WU polyomaviruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in China. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3522-3525.
16. Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Wang D, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. A newly reported human polyomavirus, KI virus, is present in the respiratory tract of Australian children. J Clin Virol 2007;40:15-18.
17. Abed Y, Wang D, Boivin G. WU polyomavirus in children, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1939-1941.
18. Hormozdi DJ, Arens MQ, Le B-M, Buller RS, Agapov E, Storch GA. KI polyomavirus detected in respiratory tract specimens from patients in St. Louis, Missouri. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:329-333.
19. Sultani M, Mokhtari Azad T, Yavarian J. Detection of human coronavirus NL63 in a 28 days old newborn in Iran. Iran J Virol 2013;7: 27-28.
20. Xin C, Yong ZZ, Yan L, Dong ZX. Human coronavirus NL63 in hospitalized children with respiratory infection: a 2-year study from Chongqing, China. Indian Pediatr 2012;49:825-828.
21. Zeng Z-Q, Chen D-H, Tan W-P, Qiu S-Y, Xu D, Liang H-X, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;37:363-369.
22. Kiyuka PK, Agoti CN, Munywoki PK, Njeru R, Bett A, Otieno JR, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary patterns in rural coastal Kenya. J Infect Dis 2018;217:1728-1739.
23. Jevšnik M, Uršič T, Žigon N, Lusa L, Krivec U, Petrovec M. Coronavirus infections in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract disease. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:365.
24. Iaria M, Caccuri F, Apostoli P, Giagulli C, Pelucchi F, Padoan RF, et al. Detection of KI WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus in respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015;21:603.e9-15.
25. Rao S, Lucero MG, Nohynek H, Tallo V, Lupisan SP, Garcea RL, et al. WU and KI polyomavirus infections in Filipino children with lower respiratory tract disease. J Clin Virol 2016;82:112-118.
26. Lin S, Wang W, Guo W, Yang H, Ma B, Fang Y, et al. A molecular epidemiological study of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus in children with acute respiratory infection in Tianjin, China. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017;19:763-769.
27. Teramoto S, Kaiho M, Takano Y, Endo R, Kikuta H, Sawa H, et al. Detection of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus DNA by real time polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Microbiol Immunol 2011;55:525-530.
28. Stanway G, Hyypiä T. Parechoviruses. J Virol 1999;73:5249-5254.
29. Harvala H, Simmonds P. Human parechoviruses: biology, epidemiology and clinical significance. J Clin Virol 2009;45:1-9.
30. Sharp J, Bell J, Harrison CJ, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Selvarangan R. Human parechovirus in respiratory specimens from children in Kansas City, Missouri. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:4111-4113.
31. Ogunsemowo O, Olaleye D, Odaibo G. Human respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B infection among children attending primary and secondary health care facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Arch Bas App Med 2018;6:73-78.
32. Jin Y, Zhang RF, Xie ZP, Yan KL, Gao HC, Song JR, et al. Newly identified respiratory viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in Lanzou, China, from 2006 to 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:74-80.
33. Kwofie TB, Anane YA, Nkrumah B, Annan A, Nguah SB, Owusu M. Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana. Virol J 2012;9:78.
34. Decrey L, Kazama Sh, Kohna T. Ammonia as an in Situ Sanitizer: influence of virus genome type on inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:4909-4920.
2. Payungporn S, Chieochansin T, Thongmee C, Samransamruajkit R, Theamboolers A, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of WU/KI polyomaviruses isolated from pediatric patients with respiratory disease in Thailand. Virus Res 2008;135:230-236.
3. Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC. Understanding human coronavirus HCoV-NL63. Open Virol J 2010;4:76-84.
4. Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, El Idrissi NB, Pyrc K, Müller MA, Kuijpers TW, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2368-2373.
5. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, DrosteN CH, Gulyaeva AA, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:536-544.
6. Malasao R, Okamoto M, Chaimongkol N, Imamura T, Tohma K, Dapat I, et al. Molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus in the Philippines, 2012-2013. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0142192.
7. Allander T, Andreasson K, Gupta S, Bjerkner A, Bogdanovic G, Persson MA, et al. Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol 2007;81:4130-4136.
8. Gaynor AM, Nissen MD, Whiley DM, Mackay IM, Lambert SB, Wu G, et al. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog 2007;3(5): e64.
9. Hansen-Estruch C, Coleman K, Thoon KC, Low J, Anderson BD, Gray GC. Prevalence of respiratory polyomaviruses among pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms in Singapore. Front Pediatr 2018;6:228.
10. Csoma E, Mészáros B, Asztalos L, Gergely L. WU and KI polyomaviruses in respiratory, blood and urine samples from renal transplant patients. J Clin Virol 2015;64:28-33.
11. Harvala H, Robertson I, Leitch EM, Benschop K, Wolthers K, Templeton K, et al. Epidemiology and clinical associations of human parechovirus respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3446-3453.
12. Kuypers J, Campbell AP, Guthrie KA, Wright NL, Englund JA, Corey L, et al. WU and KI polyomaviruses in respiratory samples from allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:1580-1588.
13. Esposito S, Bosis S, Niesters HG, Tremolati E, Begliatti E, Rognoni A, et al. Impact of human coronavirus infections in otherwise healthy children who attended an emergency department. J Med Virol 2006;78:1609-1615.
14. Ligozzi M, Galia L, Carelli M, Piccaluga PP, Diani E, Gibellini D. Duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV in nasopharyngeal aspirate pediatric samples. Mol Cell Probes 2018;40:13-18.
15. Yuan X-h, Jin Y, Xie Z-p, Gao H-c, Xu Z-q, Zheng L-s, et al. Prevalence of human KI and WU polyomaviruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in China. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3522-3525.
16. Bialasiewicz S, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Wang D, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. A newly reported human polyomavirus, KI virus, is present in the respiratory tract of Australian children. J Clin Virol 2007;40:15-18.
17. Abed Y, Wang D, Boivin G. WU polyomavirus in children, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1939-1941.
18. Hormozdi DJ, Arens MQ, Le B-M, Buller RS, Agapov E, Storch GA. KI polyomavirus detected in respiratory tract specimens from patients in St. Louis, Missouri. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:329-333.
19. Sultani M, Mokhtari Azad T, Yavarian J. Detection of human coronavirus NL63 in a 28 days old newborn in Iran. Iran J Virol 2013;7: 27-28.
20. Xin C, Yong ZZ, Yan L, Dong ZX. Human coronavirus NL63 in hospitalized children with respiratory infection: a 2-year study from Chongqing, China. Indian Pediatr 2012;49:825-828.
21. Zeng Z-Q, Chen D-H, Tan W-P, Qiu S-Y, Xu D, Liang H-X, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;37:363-369.
22. Kiyuka PK, Agoti CN, Munywoki PK, Njeru R, Bett A, Otieno JR, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary patterns in rural coastal Kenya. J Infect Dis 2018;217:1728-1739.
23. Jevšnik M, Uršič T, Žigon N, Lusa L, Krivec U, Petrovec M. Coronavirus infections in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract disease. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:365.
24. Iaria M, Caccuri F, Apostoli P, Giagulli C, Pelucchi F, Padoan RF, et al. Detection of KI WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus in respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015;21:603.e9-15.
25. Rao S, Lucero MG, Nohynek H, Tallo V, Lupisan SP, Garcea RL, et al. WU and KI polyomavirus infections in Filipino children with lower respiratory tract disease. J Clin Virol 2016;82:112-118.
26. Lin S, Wang W, Guo W, Yang H, Ma B, Fang Y, et al. A molecular epidemiological study of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus in children with acute respiratory infection in Tianjin, China. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017;19:763-769.
27. Teramoto S, Kaiho M, Takano Y, Endo R, Kikuta H, Sawa H, et al. Detection of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus DNA by real time polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Microbiol Immunol 2011;55:525-530.
28. Stanway G, Hyypiä T. Parechoviruses. J Virol 1999;73:5249-5254.
29. Harvala H, Simmonds P. Human parechoviruses: biology, epidemiology and clinical significance. J Clin Virol 2009;45:1-9.
30. Sharp J, Bell J, Harrison CJ, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Selvarangan R. Human parechovirus in respiratory specimens from children in Kansas City, Missouri. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:4111-4113.
31. Ogunsemowo O, Olaleye D, Odaibo G. Human respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B infection among children attending primary and secondary health care facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Arch Bas App Med 2018;6:73-78.
32. Jin Y, Zhang RF, Xie ZP, Yan KL, Gao HC, Song JR, et al. Newly identified respiratory viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in Lanzou, China, from 2006 to 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:74-80.
33. Kwofie TB, Anane YA, Nkrumah B, Annan A, Nguah SB, Owusu M. Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana. Virol J 2012;9:78.
34. Decrey L, Kazama Sh, Kohna T. Ammonia as an in Situ Sanitizer: influence of virus genome type on inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:4909-4920.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v12i2.2622 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Polyomaviruses; Human coronaviruses; Human respiratory syncytial virus; Human parechovirus; Children; Respiratory infections | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Aghamirmohammadali FS, Sadeghi K, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Khoban Z, Mokhtari-Azad T, Yavarian J. Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2020;12(2):164-169.
