Possible viral infections in flood disasters: a review considering 2019 spring floods in Iran
Abstract
Floods are one of the natural disasters occurring worldwide which have a massive range of health impacts. In addition to immediate dangers such as drowning, floods can increase the transmission of some communicable diseases. Up to now there was no report of viral infection outbreaks after 2019 spring floods in Iran. This review explains the possible viral infections which may occur during or after floods.
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2. Du W, FitzGerald GJ, Clark M, Hou XY. Health impacts of floods. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25:265-272.
3. EM-DAT: The emergency events database. Université Catholique de Louvain. Available at: www.emdat.be Accessed 3 September 2017.
4. Milojevic A, Armstrong B, Hashizume M, McAllister K, Faruque A, Yunus M, et al. Health effects of flooding in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology 2012; 23:107-115.
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6. Jafari N, Shahsanai A, Memarzadeh M, Loghmani A. Prevention of communicable diseases after disaster: A review. J Res Med Sci 2011;16:956-962.
7. Yusof A, Siddique AK, Baqui AH, Eusof A, Zaman K. 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1992; 9:310-314.
8. WHO. Floods in Pakistan-health cluster bulletin No 12-16 August 2010.Geneva: WHO; 2010. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/hac/crises/pak/sitreps/16august2010/en/index.html
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10. Nikfar R, Shamsizadeh A, Makvandi M, khoshghalb A. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, using RT PCR in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 2013; 1:118-121.
11. Hajikhezri Z, Makvndi M, Samarbaf-zadeh AR, Neisi N, Ahmadi K. Relative frequency of seasonal influenza A and B in Khuzestan province by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during 2009-2010. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6:e5312.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:961-964.
13. Schmid D, Lederer I, Much P, Pichler AM, Allerberger F. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with contaminated flood water, Salzburg 2005. Euro Surveill 2005; 10(6):E050616.3.
14. Jones FK, Ko AI, Becha C, Joshua C, Musto J, Thomas S, et al. Increased rotavirus prevalence in diarrheal outbreak precipitated by localized flooding, Solomon Islands, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:875-879.
15. Schwartz BS, Harris JB, Khan AI, Larocque RC, Sack DA, Malek MA, et al. Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74:1067-1073.
16. McCarthy MC, He J, Hyams KC, el-Tigani A, Khalid IO, Carl M. Acute hepatitis E infection during the 1988 floods in Khartoum, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:177.
17. Pal S, Juyal D, Sharma M, Kotian S, Negi V, Sharma N. An outbreak of hepatitis A virus among children in a flood rescue camp: a post-disaster catastrophe. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:233-236.
18. Shears P. The Khartoum floods and diarrhoeal diseases. Lancet 1988; 2:517.
19. Marcheggiania S, Puccinellia C, Ciadamidaroa S, Bellaa VD, Carerea M, Blasia MF, et al. Risks of water-borne disease outbreaks after extreme events. Toxicol Environ Chem 2010; 92: 593-599.
20. Setzer C, Domino ME. Medicaid outpatient utilization for waterborne pathogenic illness following Hurricane Floyd. Public Health Rep 2004; 119:472-478.
21. Peru: rainy season—Situation Report No. 10 (as of 10 May 2017). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Peru. Available at https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/peru/document/2018
22. WHO. Flooding and communicable disease fact sheet. 2006. Available at: https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/
23. Saeed U, Piracha ZZ. Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan. World J Virol 2016; 5: 82-84.
24. Dengue deaths reach 31; over 5,000 infected. ARY NEWS. Available from: URL: http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan
25. Staff Report. 323.4% increase in dengue cases compared to 2012. Daily Times. Available from: URL: http://www.dailytimes.com
26. Okaka FO, Odhiambo BDO. Relationship between flooding and out break of infectious diseasesin Kenya: a review of the literature. J Environ Public Health 2018;2018: 5452938.
27. Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Tucker CJ. Climate disease connections: Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Cad Saude Publica 2001; 17 Suppl:133-140.
28. CDC, Rift Valley fever outbreak-Kenya November 2006-January 2007, Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 73-76, 2007.
29. Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Small JL, Collins KM, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, et al. Climate teleconnections and recent patterns of human and animal disease outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6(1):e1465.
30. Hassan OA, Ahlm C, Sang R, Evander M. The 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5(9): e1229.
31. Hubálek Z, Zeman P, Halouzka J, Juricová Z, Stovicková E, Bálková H, et al. Mosquitoborne viruses, Czech Republic, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:116-118.
32. Tong S, Hu W, Nicholls N, Dale P, MacKenzie JS, Patz J, et al. Climatic, high tide, and vector variables and the transmission of Ross River virus. Intern Med J 2005; 35:677-680.
33. Sharififard M, Alavi SM, Salmanzadeh S, Safdari F, Kamali A. Epidemiological survey of crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a fatal infectious disease in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran, during 1999-2015. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9(5): e30883.
34. Sedaghat MM, Sarani M, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Salahi Moghaddam A, Azam K, et al. Vector prevalence and detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Golestan Province, Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2017; 54:353-357.
35. Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Ghadrdan Mashadi AR, Seifi Abad Shapouri MR, Zeinvand M. A serological survey on antibodies against West Nile virus in horses of Khuzestan province. Iran J Vet Med 2013;7:185-191.
36. Farhadinejad R, Mousavi M, Amraee K. The species composition of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Mahshahr district, Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. Arch of Razi Institute 2015; 70:89-95.
37. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, et al. Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health 2016; 45:1064-1073.
38. Heydari M, Metanat M, Rouzbeh-Far MA, Tabatabaei SM, Rakhshani M, Sepehri-Rad N, et al. Dengue fever as an emerging infection in southeast Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1469-1471.
39. Esfandiari B, Nahrevanian H, Pourshafie MR, Gouya MM, Khaki P, Mostafavi E, et al. Epidemiological distribution of rodents as potent reservoirs for infectious diseases in the provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan, northern Iran. Infect Dis Rep 2017; 9:6900.
40. Rabiee MH, Mahmoudi A, Siahsarvie R, Krystufek B, Mostafavi E. Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12(4):e0006256.
2. Du W, FitzGerald GJ, Clark M, Hou XY. Health impacts of floods. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25:265-272.
3. EM-DAT: The emergency events database. Université Catholique de Louvain. Available at: www.emdat.be Accessed 3 September 2017.
4. Milojevic A, Armstrong B, Hashizume M, McAllister K, Faruque A, Yunus M, et al. Health effects of flooding in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology 2012; 23:107-115.
5. Babaie J, Ardalan A, Vatandoost H, Goya MM, Akbarisari A. Performance assessment of communicable disease surveillance in disasters: a systematic review. PLoS Curr 2015; 7: ecurrents.dis.c72864d9c7ee99ff8fbe9ea707fe4465.
6. Jafari N, Shahsanai A, Memarzadeh M, Loghmani A. Prevention of communicable diseases after disaster: A review. J Res Med Sci 2011;16:956-962.
7. Yusof A, Siddique AK, Baqui AH, Eusof A, Zaman K. 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1992; 9:310-314.
8. WHO. Floods in Pakistan-health cluster bulletin No 12-16 August 2010.Geneva: WHO; 2010. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/hac/crises/pak/sitreps/16august2010/en/index.html
9. Javid N, Moradi A,Tabarraei A, Masoud Bazouri. Clinical and epidemiological profile of pandemic influenza a H1N1, H3N2, and type B in the southeast of Caspian Sea, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017; 10 (3): e35616.
10. Nikfar R, Shamsizadeh A, Makvandi M, khoshghalb A. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, using RT PCR in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 2013; 1:118-121.
11. Hajikhezri Z, Makvndi M, Samarbaf-zadeh AR, Neisi N, Ahmadi K. Relative frequency of seasonal influenza A and B in Khuzestan province by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during 2009-2010. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6:e5312.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:961-964.
13. Schmid D, Lederer I, Much P, Pichler AM, Allerberger F. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with contaminated flood water, Salzburg 2005. Euro Surveill 2005; 10(6):E050616.3.
14. Jones FK, Ko AI, Becha C, Joshua C, Musto J, Thomas S, et al. Increased rotavirus prevalence in diarrheal outbreak precipitated by localized flooding, Solomon Islands, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:875-879.
15. Schwartz BS, Harris JB, Khan AI, Larocque RC, Sack DA, Malek MA, et al. Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74:1067-1073.
16. McCarthy MC, He J, Hyams KC, el-Tigani A, Khalid IO, Carl M. Acute hepatitis E infection during the 1988 floods in Khartoum, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:177.
17. Pal S, Juyal D, Sharma M, Kotian S, Negi V, Sharma N. An outbreak of hepatitis A virus among children in a flood rescue camp: a post-disaster catastrophe. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:233-236.
18. Shears P. The Khartoum floods and diarrhoeal diseases. Lancet 1988; 2:517.
19. Marcheggiania S, Puccinellia C, Ciadamidaroa S, Bellaa VD, Carerea M, Blasia MF, et al. Risks of water-borne disease outbreaks after extreme events. Toxicol Environ Chem 2010; 92: 593-599.
20. Setzer C, Domino ME. Medicaid outpatient utilization for waterborne pathogenic illness following Hurricane Floyd. Public Health Rep 2004; 119:472-478.
21. Peru: rainy season—Situation Report No. 10 (as of 10 May 2017). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Country Team in Peru. Available at https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/peru/document/2018
22. WHO. Flooding and communicable disease fact sheet. 2006. Available at: https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/
23. Saeed U, Piracha ZZ. Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan. World J Virol 2016; 5: 82-84.
24. Dengue deaths reach 31; over 5,000 infected. ARY NEWS. Available from: URL: http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan
25. Staff Report. 323.4% increase in dengue cases compared to 2012. Daily Times. Available from: URL: http://www.dailytimes.com
26. Okaka FO, Odhiambo BDO. Relationship between flooding and out break of infectious diseasesin Kenya: a review of the literature. J Environ Public Health 2018;2018: 5452938.
27. Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Tucker CJ. Climate disease connections: Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Cad Saude Publica 2001; 17 Suppl:133-140.
28. CDC, Rift Valley fever outbreak-Kenya November 2006-January 2007, Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 73-76, 2007.
29. Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Small JL, Collins KM, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, et al. Climate teleconnections and recent patterns of human and animal disease outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6(1):e1465.
30. Hassan OA, Ahlm C, Sang R, Evander M. The 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5(9): e1229.
31. Hubálek Z, Zeman P, Halouzka J, Juricová Z, Stovicková E, Bálková H, et al. Mosquitoborne viruses, Czech Republic, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:116-118.
32. Tong S, Hu W, Nicholls N, Dale P, MacKenzie JS, Patz J, et al. Climatic, high tide, and vector variables and the transmission of Ross River virus. Intern Med J 2005; 35:677-680.
33. Sharififard M, Alavi SM, Salmanzadeh S, Safdari F, Kamali A. Epidemiological survey of crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a fatal infectious disease in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran, during 1999-2015. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9(5): e30883.
34. Sedaghat MM, Sarani M, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Salahi Moghaddam A, Azam K, et al. Vector prevalence and detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Golestan Province, Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2017; 54:353-357.
35. Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Ghadrdan Mashadi AR, Seifi Abad Shapouri MR, Zeinvand M. A serological survey on antibodies against West Nile virus in horses of Khuzestan province. Iran J Vet Med 2013;7:185-191.
36. Farhadinejad R, Mousavi M, Amraee K. The species composition of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Mahshahr district, Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. Arch of Razi Institute 2015; 70:89-95.
37. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Gooya MM, et al. Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran. Iran J Public Health 2016; 45:1064-1073.
38. Heydari M, Metanat M, Rouzbeh-Far MA, Tabatabaei SM, Rakhshani M, Sepehri-Rad N, et al. Dengue fever as an emerging infection in southeast Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1469-1471.
39. Esfandiari B, Nahrevanian H, Pourshafie MR, Gouya MM, Khaki P, Mostafavi E, et al. Epidemiological distribution of rodents as potent reservoirs for infectious diseases in the provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan, northern Iran. Infect Dis Rep 2017; 9:6900.
40. Rabiee MH, Mahmoudi A, Siahsarvie R, Krystufek B, Mostafavi E. Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12(4):e0006256.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Mini Review | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v11i2.1066 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Viral infections Flood Disaster | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Yavarian J, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T. Possible viral infections in flood disasters: a review considering 2019 spring floods in Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2019;11(2):85-89.
