Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium in pregnant women of Sabzevar- Iran
,
Abstract
Background: As prenatal screening for sexually transmitted infections and treatment of infected pregnant women is not routinely performed in Iran and prevalence of two sexually transmitted pathogens, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, in Sabzevar (east of Iran) is unknown, we decided to perform this prospective study.
Methods: One hundred ninety-six urine specimens of pregnant women attending the specialized maternity hospital of the city were collected and tested by duplex PCR.
Results: A total of 31 specimens were positive (15.81%) (27 Chlamydia trachomatis isolates, 13.77%; and 2 Mycoplasma genitalium isolates, 1.02%). Co-infection with both species was detected in 2 specimens (1.02%). A significant correlation was found between preterm labor and infection (P-value ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of Chlamydial infections in comparison with Mycoplasma genitalium in this region. Further studies with larger sample size and more focused on different groups at risk are needed for a movement towards prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Alger LS, Lovchik JC,Hebel JR, Blackmon LR, Crenshaw MC. The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of membranes and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159:397-404.
Martius J, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Stamm WE, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA. Relationship of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71: 89-95.
Kelly M. Researchers design unique method to induce immunity to certain STDs. In: Health & Medicine. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). 2009; published online Thursday, April 30.
Vanessa LS, Jørgen SJ, Deborah BN, Pamela JM, Roberta BN, Catherine LH. Mycoplasma genitalium among young, urban pregnant women. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 984760, 8 pages doi: 10.1155/2010/984760.
Oakeshott P, Hay P, Taylor-Robinson D, Hay S, Dohn B, Kerry S, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. BJOG 2004; 111: 1464-1467.
Witkin SS, Ledger WJ. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in sera of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 135-139.
Mardh PA, Colleen S, Sylwan J. Inhibitory effect on the formation of chlamydial inclusions in McCoys cells by seminal fluid and some of its components. Investig Urol 1980; 17: 510 -517.
Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B, Lidbrink P.Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 499-507.
Weinstein SA, Stiles BG. A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and evidence-based management of Mycop- lasma genitalium. Sexual Health 2011; 8: 143-158.
Jaschek G, Gaydos CA, Welsh LE, Quinn TC. Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1209-1212.
Mahony JB, Jang D, Chong S, Luinstra K, Sellors J, Tyndall M, Chernesky M. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium in first-void urine specimens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Mol Diagn 1997; 2: 161-168.
Huppert JS, Biro F, Lan D, Mortensen JE, Reed J, Slap GB, et al. Urinary symptoms in adolescent females: STI or UTI? J Adolesc Health 2007; 40: 418- 424.
Shafer MA, Moncada J, Boyer CB, Betsinger K, Flinn SD, Schachter J, et al. Comparing first-void urine specimens, self-collected vaginal swabs, and endocervical specimens to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a nucleic acid amplificationtest. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4395- 4399.
Cheng H, Macaluso M, Vermund SH, Hook EW.Relative accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests and culture in detecting Chlamydia in asymptomatic men. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3927-3937.
Lee SR, Chung JM, Kim YG. Rapid one step detection of pathogenic bacteria in urine with sexually transmitted disease (STD) and prostatitis patient by multiplex PCR assay (mPCR). J Microbiol 2007; 45: 453-459.
Jeddi-Tehrani M. Diagnosis Methods of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Reprod Infertil 2000; 1: 36-43.
Rashidi B, Chamani L, Haghollahi F, Ramezanzadeh F, Shariat M, Rahimi FA, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in fertile and infertile women; A molecular and serological study. J Reprod Infertil 2009;10: 32-41.
Chamani L, Tehrani MJ, Zeraati H, Asgari S, Moini M, Rabbani H, et al. A Molecular survey on prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant woman attending OB&GY clinics of Tehran. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med 2007; 13: 45-50.
Jahromi AS, Farjam MR, Mogharrab F, Amiryan M,Makiani MJ, Madani A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis in Women with Full-Term Deliveries and Women with Abortion. Am J Infect Dis 2010; 3: 66-69.
Sohrabi A, Samarbafzadeh A, Makvandi M, Maraghi Sh, Razi T, Darban D, et al. A seroepidemiological study of parvovirus B19, Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women referring to Obs & Gyn ward of Ahwaz Imam Khomeini Hospital. J Reprod Infertil 2007; 8: 171-175.
Badami N, Salari MH. Rate of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in infertile females and control group. Iran J Public Health 2001; 30: 57-60.
Khezerdoust S, Haghollahi F, Roostaie S, Badami N, Naghizadeh MM, Jafarabadi M, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women. J Reprod Infertil. 2009;10 (2):121-128.
Borges da Costa J, Azevedo J, Santo I. Sexually transmitted infections and related sociodemographic factors in Lisbon’s major venereology clinic: A descriptive study of the first 4 months of 2007. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24: 811-814.
Chen XS, Yin YP, Chen LP, Thuy NT, Zhang GY, Shi MQ, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Fuzhou, China. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33: 296-301.
Alzahrani AJ, Obeid OE, Hassan MI, Almulhim AA.Screening of pregnant women attending the antenatal care clinic of a tertiary hospital in eastern Saudi Arabia for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2010; 31: 81-86.
Sharma M, Sethi S, Daftari S, Malhotra S. Evidence of chlamydial infection in infertile women with fallopian tube obstruction. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46:680-683.
Mirnejad R, Amirmozafari N, Kazemi B. Simultaneous and rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum based on a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Indian J Med Microbiol 2011; 29: 33-36.
Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M, Doray B, Turgeon J, Brousseau R. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255-63.
Singh V, Rastogi S, Garg S, Kapur S, Kumar A, Salhan S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending a gynecology outpatient department in India. Acta Cytol 2002; 46: 540-544.
Shimano S, Nishikawa A, Sonoda T, Kudo R. Analysis of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 6083 pregnant women at a hospital in Otaru. Jpn J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004; 30:230-236.
Cram LF, Zapata MI, Toy EC, Baker B. Genitourinary infections and their association with preterm labor. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65: 241-248.
Rours GI, Duijts L, Moll HA, Arends LR, de Groot R, Jaddoe VW, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: a population-based prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26: 493-502.
Odendaal HJ, Schoeman J, Grove D, Jager de M, Theron GB, Orth H, et al. The association between Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and spontaneous preterm labour. S Afr J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;12:146-149.
Wilkowska-Trojniel M, Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Ostaszewska-Puchalska I, Redźko S, Przepieść J, Zdrodowski M. The influence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on spontaneous abortions. Adv Med Sci 2009;54: 86-90.
Oakeshott P, Kerry S, Aghaizu A, Atherton H, Hay S, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.340: c1642.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 3 No 3 (2011) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Prevalence Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma genitalium Pregnant women | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
