Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 125 126 EN Bahram Fatolahzadeh School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2015 11 24 No Abstract https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/811 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/811/496

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 127 135 EN Bahman Poorabbas Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Jalal Mardaneh Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Zahra Rezaei Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Mehdi Kalani Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Gholamreza Pouladfar Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Mohammad Hasan Alami Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Jafar Soltani Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran. Ahmad Shamsi-Zadeh Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Shahram Abdoli-Oskooi Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Mohammed Jafar Saffar Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran. Abdolvahab Alborzi Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objective: Antibiotic resistance is increasing, especially in healthcare-associated infections causing significant public health concerns worldwide. National information is required to make appropriate policies, update list of essential drugs for treatment, and evaluate the effects of intervention strategies. A nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in nosocomial infections was established in Iran in 2008, so that the data obtained through the surveillance would enable us to construct a database. Materials and Methods: Seven major teaching hospitals in Shiraz, Tabriz, Sari, Mashhad, Sanandaj, Ahwaz and Isfahan participated in this study. A total of 858 strains isolated from blood and other sterile body fluids were tested. Identification at the species level was performed with conventional biochemical methods and the API system. Susceptibility tests were done using disk diffusion method. The methicillin-resistance in S. aureus (MRSA) was determined by the oxacillin agar screen plate and respective MIC values were assessed using the E-test strips. The confirmatory disk diffusion methods were applied for phenotypic identification of extended-spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) production for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Cultivation and re-identification of the strains yielded 858 isolates, consisting of 224 S. aureus, 148 Klebsiella spp., 105 Serratia spp., 146 E. coli, 67 Acinetobacter spp., 38 Enterobacter spp., 95 Pseudomonas spp., 71 P.aeruginosa.35 Stenotrophomonas sp., and 8 other organisms. MRSA was detected in 37.5% of the isolates. No vancomycin-resistant or vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus was detected. With the exception of Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas, 85% of the Gram-negative isolates were found to be susceptible in vitro to imipenem. Overall, about 61% of K. pneumoniae and 35% of E. coli isolates were ESBL producing. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant isolates of Gram-negative organisms and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus have been detected in many hospitals in this study. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/812 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/812/497

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 136 143 EN Somayeh Bagherzadeh-Khodashahri M.Sc. Student, Department of Microbiology, Kerman Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. Seyed Davar Siadat Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Rahbar Department of Microbiology, Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medi- cal Education, Tehran, Iran. Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Farzam Vaziri Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Mrjan Rahnamaye-Farzami Department of Laboratory Tecnhnology, Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Mona Mohammadzadeh Department of Microbiology ,Milad Hospital ,Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Davari Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Abolfazl Fateh Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Morteza Masoumi Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is divided into two distinct genotypes, type I and type II, based on the structure of capsular polysaccharides. The capsulation locus of Haemophilus influenzae type b consists of three functionally distinct regions, designated regions 1 to 3. Region III contains hcsA and hcsB genes; however, notable sequence variation in this region can be used to recognize different Hib genotypes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype of the Hib strains isolated from patients with invasive disease in Iran. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 8 pairs of primers were used for identification and serotyping of encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains, as well as confirmation of species identification. Additionally, in order to identify the cap- sular genotypes of Haemophilus influenzae type b (type I and II), two additional primer pairs were used to amplify the hcsA gene. Results: Out of 50 isolates of H. influenzae, four were found to be type b. Interestingly, among these 4 Hib isolates, 2 strains belonged to the type-II category. Conclusion: Our study shows that the prevalence of both Hib types I and II seems to be high in Iran. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/813 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/813/498

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 144 149 EN Fereshteh Eftekhar Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Ziaeldin Naseh Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for up to 10% of nosocomial infections. The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae, mostly due to the production of extended-spec- trum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases, is often responsible for antibiotic treatment failure of these infections. We compared the antibiotic resistance profiles, ESBL and carbapenemase production as well as presence of KPC-type genes in burn and non-burn clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: Fifty five clinical isolates were collected from Shahid Motahari (25 burn isolates) and Shariati (30 non-burn isolates) hospitals between August 2011 to January 2012. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined to 12 antibiot- ics using disc diffusion. The phenotypic confirmatory test (PCT) was used to screen for ESBL production. Carbapenemase activity was measured by the modified Hodge test (MHT) and KPC-type carbapenemases were further sought by PCR using specific primers. Results: Both groups were highly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime (>92%). Burn isolates were significantly more resistant to cefepime, amoxiclav, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin compared to the non-burn strains (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in ESBL production between the two groups. Carbapenem resistance was only observed among the burn isolates (n=5, 9.1%). Five carbapenem-resistant isolates produced carbapenemases. However, none of the isolates harbored the KPC-type genes. Conclusion: Higher rates of drug resistance were observed in burn isolates of K. pneumoniae compared to the non-burn strains. Carbapenemase phenotype was only observed among the burn isolates but KPC-type gene was not detected. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/814 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/814/499

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 150 155 EN Shadi Rokhsartalab-Azar Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, IR Iran. Reza Shapouri Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran. Mehdi Rahnema Biologic Research Center, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran. Faezeh Najafzadeh Young Researchers Club, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, IR Iran. Anvarsadat Kianmehr Department of Medical iotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objective: Escherichia coli O157:H7, an emerging pathogen, causes severe enteritis and the extraintestinal complication of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The goal of this study was to evaluate the conjugate of E. coli O157: H7 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with diphtheria toxoid (DT) as a candidate vaccine in mice model. Material and Methods: LPS from E. coli O157:H7 was extracted by hot phenol method and then detoxified. Purified LPS was coupled to DT with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as a spacer and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC) as a linker. The coupling molar ratio of LPS to DT was 3:1. Clinical evaluation of E. coli O157:H7 LPS-DT conjugate was also performed. Results: The conjugate was devoid of endotoxin activity and indicated 0.125 U/ml of D-LPS. Mice immunization with D-LPS DT conjugate elicited fourfold higher IgG antibody in comparison to D-LPS. Also, in vivo protection of mice with conjugate provided high protection against the LD50 of E. coli O157:H7, which indicated a good correlation with the IgG titer. Conclusion: Our results showed that the suggested vaccine composed of E. coli O157:H7 LPS and DT had a significant potential to protect against E. coli infections. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/815 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/815/500

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 156 160 EN Tahereh Gholamhosseini-Moghaddam Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Mehrnaz Rad Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi Department of Bacteriology and Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Kiarash Ghazvini Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Madicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objectives:  Many surface proteins are implicated in nasopharyngeal colonization and pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Some of these factors are candidate antigens for protein based vaccines. New vaccine designs focus on the surface proteins (e. g., pspA and pspC) and also cytolysin, and pneumolysin. In this study, 3 key virulence genes, lytA, pspC, and rrgA, which encoded surface proteins, were detected among S. pneumoniae isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 260 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from healthy children under 6 years old attending day care centers in Mashhad, Iran. Isolates of S. pneumoniae were confirmed by optochin susceptibility and colony appearance and also by PCR for cpsA gene. The presence of lytA, pspC, and rrgA genes were also detected by PCR. Results: A total of 59 isolates were confirmed as S. pneumoniae. Among these isolates, 50 (84.74%), 19 (32.20%), and 2 (3.38%) were positive for lytA, rrgA, and pspC genes respectively. The presence of these genes among S.pneumoniae isolates were as follows: 1) rrgA, lytA, pspC (1 isolate), 2) rrgA, lytA(17isolates), 3) pspC (2 isolate), 4) lytA (50 isolates). Conclusion: cpsA gene was specific for detection of S. pneumoniae isolates which were colonized in nasopharynx. The lytA gene was the most frequent gene among the S. pneumoniae isolates, and combination of rrgA, lytA was the most observed pattern. Thus, it is important for future monitoring of vaccine formulation in our country. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/817 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/817/501

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 161 167 EN Seyed Asghar Havaei Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Behnaz Assadbeigi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Bahram Nasr Esfahani Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Nafiseh Sadat Hoseini Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Nahid Rezaei Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Seyed Rouhollah Havaei Postgraduate student of endodontics, Department of endodontics, School of dentistry, Zahedan University ofMedical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran . 2015 11 24 Background and Objectives:  Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causatives of bovine mastitis. Resistance of some strains to methicillin, can complicate the treatment of its infections. On the other hand, enterotoxin production is also im- portant. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the methicillin resistance and enterotoxin production in S. aureus isolates caused bovine mastitis. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and fifty milk samples were collected. After isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA strains were detected by cefoxitin disc diffusion and oxacillin agar screening methods. DNA was extracted by phenol – chloroform method and PCR was applied for mecA, sea and seb genes. SCCmec types of mecA gene were identified using multiplex-PCR. Results: Fifty-four (12%) S. aureus were isolated. Out of these, 10 and 9 MRSA strains identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion and oxacillin agar screening methods, respectively. All 10 MRSA isolates identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion, were positive for mecA gene and all of them belonged to SCCmec type IV. The sea genes were detected in 19 isolates and only two isolates were positive for seb genes. One isolate possessed both sea and  seb genes. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that results of cefoxitin disc diffusion test is in concordance with the PCR for mecA gene and has a higher sensitivity compared to oxacillin agar screening method. Finally, Our findings suggest that enterotoxin A is the dominant type. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/818 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/818/502

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 168 172 EN Sakineh Seyed-Mohamadi Department of Aerobic Veterinary Bacteria, Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soheila Moradi-Bidhendi Department of Microbiology, Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran. Keyvan Tadayon Department of Aerobic Veterinary Bacteria, Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran. Rainak Ghaderi Department of Aerobic Veterinary Bacteria, Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran 2015 11 24 Background and Objectives: Bacillus anthracis is one of the most homogenous bacteria ever described. Bacillus anthracis 17JB is a laboratory strain. It is broadly used as a challenge strain in guinea pigs for potency test of anthrax vaccine. Material and Methods: This work describes genetic characterization of B. anthracis 17 JB strain using the SNPs and MLVA genotyping. Results and Conclusion: In SNPs typing, the originally French 17JB strain represented the A. Br. 008/009 subgroup. In Levy's genotyping method, 843, 451 and 864 bp long fragments were identified at AA03, AJ03 and AA07 loci, respectively. In the vaccine manufacturer perspective these findings are much valuable on their own account, but similar research is required to extend molecular knowledge of B. anthracis epidemiology in Persia. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/819 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/819/503

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 173 177 EN Maryam Beheshti-Rouy Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Mohadese Azarsina Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Loghman Rezaie-Soufi Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Mohammad Yousef Alikhani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University ofMedical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Ghodratollah Roshanaie Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of MedicalSciences, Hamadan, Iran. Samira Komaki Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objective:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a mouthwash containing Sage (Salvia officinalis) extracts on Streptococcus mutans (SM) causing dental plaque in school-aged children. Material and Methods: A double blind clinical trial study was conducted in a dormitory on 70 girls aged 11-14 years having the same socioeconomic and oral hygiene conditions. These students were randomly divided into 2 groups; the first group (N=35) using Sage mouthwash, and the second group (N=35) using placebo mouthwash without active any ingredients. At the baseline, plaque samples obtained from the buccal surfaces of teeth were sent to laboratory to achieve SM colony count. These tests were reevaluated after 21 days of using the mouthwashes. Statistical data analysis was performed using t-student tests with p<0.05 as the level of significance. Results: Sage mouthwash significantly reduced the colony count (P=0.001). Average number of colonies in test group was 3900 per plaque sample at the baseline, and 300 after mouthwash application. In the control group, pre-test colony count was 4400 that was reduced to 4000; although this reduction wasn’t significant. Conclusion: The Sage mouthwash effectively reduced the number of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/821 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/821/504

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 7 3 2015 11 25 178 184 EN Yashgin Hassanzadeh Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran. Nima Bahador Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran. Majid Baseri-Salehi Department of Microbiology, Kazeroun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroun, Iran. 2015 11 24 Background and Objective: Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is a marine pathogenic bacterium which causes disease in marine animals and human. This bacterium mostly found in coastal shallow seawater. So, the aim of this study was isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from edible fish of Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbas. Material and Methods: Totally 100 fish from different species were evaluated and out of that 5 different types of fish with external symptoms including: Caranx sexfasciatus, Lethrinus olivaceus, Scomberoid tol, Auxis thazard and Liza macrolepis, were collected from Bandar Abbas local fish market in September 2013. The samples were cultured on Marin Agar 2216 and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salts Sucrose Agar media and incubated at 25˚C for 48 hrs. Then the isolates were characterized using biochemical (API 20 NE system) and molecular techniques. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility, presence of poly β hydroxy butyrate and hemolysis activity of isolates were evaluated. Results: Entirely, 30 Gram negative bacterial colonies were isolated from the selected fish. Among the isolates, two suspected colonies were identified as Photobacterium damselae from Caranx sexfasciatus with API 20NE bio- chemical test. This results confirmed by 16s rRNA sequencing method. Both isolates showed α hemolytic with existence of β hydroxyl butyrate. Furthermore, the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. Conclusion: Overall, the study indicated first time isolation of this bacterium from one type of fish caught from Persian Gulf, which warns us to pay more attention to fishery in this geographical area. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/822 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/822/505