Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 99 101 EN Caterina Mammina Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University, Palermo, Italy. 2015 10 16 No Abstract https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/632 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/632/405

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 102 107 EN Alireza Abdollahi Division of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran. Saeed Shoar Department of Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasrin Shoar School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Recently, nosocomial infections have been discussed as a critical issue among intubated patients leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, the pattern of microbiological colonization and antibiotic resistance are much valuable in this regard. We aimed to investigate the pattern of microorganism colonization and antibiotic resistance in patients with endotracheal tube or tracheostomy to propose a proper empirical antibiotic therapy in this setting. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 880 patients admitted in Imam Khomeini hospital between 2008 and 2011 who were subsequently intubated or underwent tracheostomy due to insufficient self ventilation. Samples for microbiological cultures were obtained after extubation and then sent to the central laboratory for further assessment. Antibiograms and microbiological cultures were obtained for each sample. Results: Of 880 patients enrolled in this study, 531 (60.3%) were male and 349 (39.7%) were female. Nineteen different organisms were isolated including Acinetobacter (213, 24.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (147, 16.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (106, 12%), Proteus mirabilis (90, 10.2%), and other organisms (324, 36.8%). Antibiotic resistance was mainly seen in Acinetobacter (ciprofloxacin, ceftazidim, cefepim, and penicillin), S. aureus (imipenem) and Klebsiella (pipracillin- tazobactam and ampicillin-sulbactam). Conclusion: This study represents the most common microorganisms colonizing tracheal tube of hospitalized patients and their pattern of antibiotic resistance. Acinetobacter was the most common microorganism isolated from endotracheal tube. Hence, it may be possible to initiate the empiric antibiotic treatment before the results of culture are become available. Ciprofloxacin was also the most prevalent antibiotic revealing resistant pattern. Moreover, most of the microorganisms were sensitive to imipenem and pipracillin-tazobactam. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/630 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/630/403

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 108 112 EN Reza Ranjbar Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farzaneh-Mirsaeed Ghazi Department of Biochemistry, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Shohreh Farshad Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Giovanni-Maurizio Giammanco Department of Sciences for Health Promotion‘G. D’Alessandro’’, University, Palermo, Italy. Aurora Aleo Department of Sciences for Health Promotion‘G. D’Alessandro’’, University, Palermo, Italy. Parviz Owlia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Nematollah Jonaidi Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nourkhoda Sadeghifard Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Caterina Mammina Department of Sciences for Health Promotion‘G. D’Alessandro’’, University, Palermo, Italy. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella spp.  is of increasing clinical concern specially in children worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Shigella spp. in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: The study included all Shigella isolates recovered from pediatric patients aged less than 12 years admitted to a major pediatric hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2008 to 2010. Bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) screening and confirmatory tests were performed according to the standard guidelines. Conjugal transfer experiments and plasmid analysis were also carried out. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify the genetic determinants responsible for ESBL production. Results: Four out of 55 Shigella isolates, including three S. sonnei and one S. flexneri, showed an ESBL-positive phenotype. Plasmid transfer of the ESBL phenotype was successful for the S. flexneri isolate only. By PCR and sequencing, one S. sonnei isolate tested positive for the CMY-59 gene, while the other two S. sonnei and the S. flexneri isolates tested positive for the bla  CTX-M-15 genes. Conclusion: We found the prevalence of ESBL producing Shigella isolates was higher than detection rates observed in many other countries. Our finding raise concerns about the dissemination of ESBL among the strains of endemic S. sonnei throughout the country, because this species is now the most frequently isolated Shigella species in Iran and shigellosis by such strains in the community can pose a significant threat to patients and presents a challenge for disease management. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/628 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/628/401

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 113 119 EN Seyed-Mehdi Larrie-Bagha Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express Way, Opposite Imam Khomeini's shrine, Tehran-3319118651, Iran. Iraj Rasooli Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express Way, Opposite Imam Khomeini's shrine, Tehran-3319118651, Iran. Seyed-Latif Mousavi-Gargari Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express Way, Opposite Imam Khomeini's shrine, Tehran-3319118651, Iran. Zohreh Rasooli School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran-Iran. Shahram Nazarian Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran-Qom Express Way, Opposite Imam Khomeini's shrine, Tehran-3319118651, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 has been recognized as a major food borne pathogen responsible for frequent hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Cattle are important reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7, in which the organism colonizes the intestinal tract and is shed in the feces. Objective: Vaccination of cattle has significant potential as a pre-harvest intervention strategy for E. coli O157:H7. The aim of this study was to evaluate active and passive immunization against E. coli O157:H7 using a recombinant protein. Materials and Methods: The recombinant FepA protein induced by IPTG was purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Antibody titre was determined by ELISA in FepA immunized rabbits sera. Sera collected from vaccinated animals were used for bacterial challenge in passive immunization studies. Results: The results demonstrate that passive immunization with serum raised against FepA protects rabbits from subsequent infection. Conclusion: Significant recognition by the antibody of ferric enterobactin binding protein may lead to its application in the restriction of Enterobacteriaceae propagation. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/626 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/626/399

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 120 125 EN Ramachandranpillai Rajagopal Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680 651. Govindapillai-Krishnan Nair Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680 651. Mangattumuruppel Mini Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680 651. Leo Joseph Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680 651. Mapranath-Raghavan Saseendranath Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 680 651. Koshy John Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, India - 673 576. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Biofilms are structural communities of bacterial cells enshrined in a self produced polymeric matrix. The studies on biofilm formation of Pasteurella multocida have become imperative since it is a respiratory pathogen and its biofilm mode could possibly be one of its virulence factors for survival inside a host. The present study describes a biofilm assay for P. multocida on inert hydrophilic material called bentonite clay. Materials and Methods: The potential of the organism to form in vitro biofilm was assessed by growing the organism under nutrient restriction along with the inert substrate bentonite clay, which will provide a surface for attachment. For quantification of biofilm, plate count by the spread plate method was employed. Capsule production of the attached bacteria was demonstrated by light microscopic examination following Maneval staining and capsular polysaccharide estimation was done using standard procedures. Results and Conclusion: The biofilm formation peaked on the third day of incubation (1.54 ×106  cfu/g of bentonite clay) while the planktonic cells were found to be at a maximum on day one post inoculation (8.10 ×108  cfu/ml of the broth). Maneval staining of late logarithmic phase biofilm cultures revealed large aggregates of bacterial cells, bacteria appearing as chains or as a meshwork. The capsular polysaccharide estimation of biofilm cells revealed a 3.25 times increase over the planktonic bacteria. The biofilm cells cultured on solid media also produced some exclusive colony morphotypes. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/624 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/624/397

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 126 131 EN Rashid Ramazanzadeh Cellular & Molecular Research Center and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Serveh Zamani Student Research Committee of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Saman Zamani Student Research Committee of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: The Escherichia coli strains are greatly important in nosocomial and community acquired infections. The aim of this study was to determine the transmission of bacterial infections using genetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and thirty Escherichia coli strains, isolated from different clinical samples, were characterized by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)–PCR technique. The results and the similarity between the strains were determined on the basis of Jaccard similarity coefficient in the SAHN program of the NTSYS-pc software. Results: The ERIC–PCR profiles allowed typing of the 230 isolates into 205 ERIC-types which were grouped into twenty main clusters (C01–C20).The first group makes up 4.34% of the total isolates. Out of the 230 isolates, 34.2% belonged to D phylogenic group which were associated with extra-intestinal samples. Conclusion: Our results showed high diversity in E. coli isolates indicating low rate of hospital infection in our university hospitals. The majority of the isolates belonged to the D phylogenic group. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/622 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/622/395

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 2 2013 06 15 132 135 EN Abdullah Karimi Pediatric Infections Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Koroush Fakhimi-Derakhshan School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farid Imanzadeh Departments of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mohamad Rezaei School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Cavoshzadeh Pediatric Infections Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeid Maham Pediatric Infections Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 16 Objective: Childhood infectious diseases are one of the most known environmental pathogenic causes of childhood asthma. The high prevalence of both Helicobacter pylori infection and asthma in our country prompted us to assess anyprobable as- sociation between them in childhood. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 196 children aged 6 to 12 years old comprising 98 asthmatic (case group) and 98 healthy (control group) individuals. Urea breath test was performed for all of the children and H. pylori infection was compared between the two groups according to the urea breath test results. Results: Urea breath test was positive in 18 asthmatic (18.36) and 23 (23.36) healthy subjects but was not significantly dif- ferent between the case and controls (p = 0.380). Further analysis in the asthmatic group revealed association of H. pylori- infection with age (p < 0.001) and duration of asthma (p = 0.010). However, no significant correlation was found between sex, severity of asthma, controled asthma  or abnormal pulmonary functio 5 1 2013 03 15 42 47 EN Mohammad-Yousef Alikhani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. Seyyed-Hamid Hashemi Department of Infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. Mohammad-Mehdi Aslani Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,Iran. Safar Farajnia Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are a common cause of acute infectious diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, virulence markers and antibiotic resistance patterns of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolated from adolescents and adults in Hamadan, west of Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 187 stool samples were collected from adults with acute diarrhea. Stool culture was performed by conventional methods for enteropathogenic bacteria. Virulence factor genes for DEC were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. Results: Among the 187 patients, 40 (21.4%) were positive for DEC. The most frequently identified DEC was enteropathogenic E. coli (47.5%), followed by enteroaggregative (20%), enterotoxigenic (17.5%) and shiga-toxin producing E. coli (15%). No isolates of enteroinvasive E. coli were detected. All STEC strains were stx+ / eaeA-. Out of the seven ETEC strains, five (71.4%) produced ST, one (14.3%) produced only LT and one (14.3%) of the isolates produced both ST and LT encoded by est and elt genes, respectively. Among the 40 DEC strains 27(67.5%) were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: DEC contribute to the burden of diarrhea in adults in Hamadan. Enteropathogenic E. coli was the most commonly identified DEC strain in the region studied. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/661 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/661/433

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 48 55 EN Himen Salimizand Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Fereshteh Shahcheraghi Department of Microbiology and Microbiology research center, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran. Enayatollah Kalantar Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Farzad Badmasti Department of Microbiology and Microbiology research center, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and objectives: Klebsiella species are of the most common bacteria involved in nosocomial and urinary tract infections. Genetic elements such as class 1 integrons have an important role in the resistance development. In this study, the share of class 1 integrons, the genetic characterization of the integron cassettes and PFGE profiles of the clinical Klebsiella isolates are evaluated in Besat University hospital of Sanandaj, Iran. Methods: Isolates from 17890 clinical specimens were identified by API20E. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and MIC were done for MDR isolates. For investigating class 1 integrons and gene cassettes, PCR by intI1 integrase and 5΄-CS/3΄-CS were performed. Integrated gene cassettes were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis was carried out for studying of clonality outbreak of isolates. Results: Thirty five Klebsiella spp. were isolated and included 29 K. pneumoniae and six K. oxytoca. All the isolates were susceptible to carbapenems while other antibiotics showed high resistant profile. In all Klebsiella spp. PCR for intI1 integrase and 5΄-CS/3΄-CS were positive (100%). Sequencing for prevalent bands of internal variable regions between 5΄-CS/3΄-CS showed arr-5, orfD-aacA4 and aad5- dfrA17. PFGE Analysis showed 18 clusters in K. pneumoniae with clonality relatedness in some cases but no relatedness among K. oxytoca isolates. Conclusion: High prevalence of class 1 integron carrying gene cassettes confirms that integron-mediated antimicrobial gene cassettes are important in Klebsiella spp. resistance profile. Clone diffusions of MDR Klebsiella spp. which harbor class 1 integrons have threaten the potential in the resistance development in our clinical settings. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/653 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/653/425

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 56 62 EN Alka Hasani Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Departments of AND Medical Microbiology. Vajihe Sheikhalizadeh Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Departments of AND Medical Microbiology. Akbar Hasani Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Departments of AND Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences. Behrouz Naghili Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Departments of AND Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Vahide Valizadeh Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran. Ali-Reza Nikoonijad Department of Infectious Diseases, Urumieh University of Medical Sciences, Urumieh, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile organism causing mild to life threatening infections. The major threat of this organism is its multidrug resistance. The present study was carried out to investigate in - vitro activity of conventional antibiotics routinely prescribed for methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infections in the Northwest of Iran and other alternating therapeutic agents which are recommended for Gram positive organisms. Materials and Methods: Clinical isolates of S. aureus were subjected to multiplex PCR for simultaneous speciation and detection of methicillin resistance. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern was determined using disk diffusion. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined using E-test strips. Results: The results revealed presence of nuc gene in all S. aureus isolates detected phenotypically earlier whereas, mecA gene was observed in 54% of strains. On disk diffusion and MIC determination assay, all MRSA and MSSA strains were susceptible to mupirocin (except one MRSA strain), linezolid and teicoplanin. Six vancomycin intermediate S. aureus strains were detected (VISA) with MIC = 4 µg/mL, 5 of them being MRSA. In disk diffusion assay, 17.3% and 3.7%  of isolates showed resistance to rifampin and fusidic acid, respectively. However, MIC and MIC tests shows promising in – vitro impact. Conclusion: In – vitro mupirocin was found as an effective prophylactic ointment for nasal S. aureus eradication. Our data emphasize the performance of surveillance exercises to outline the existing antibiotics prescription policies and to slow down the emergence of multidrug resistant strains. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/638 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/638/411

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 63 67 EN Samileh Noorbakhsh Research Center of Pediatric Iinfectious Diseases. Mohammad Farhadi ENT –Head & Neck Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Azardokht Tabatabaei Research Center of Pediatric Iinfectious Diseases. Sahar Ghavidel Darestani ENT –Head & Neck Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Shima Javad Nia Research Center of Pediatric Iinfectious Diseases. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Chronic infection in childhood is a leading cause of adeno-tonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to determine the role of M. pneumoniae in children with rhino sinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out in the pediatric and ENT wards of Hazrat Rasul Hospital, Tehran, Iran (2007-2009). In this trial, we investigated 40 cases with adenoid surgery and 32 controls.We looked for M. pneumoniae -DNA (PCR) in adenoid tissues resected from cases and 31 nasopharyngeal swabs in controls and IgM & IgG antibodies (ELISA) were compared between the 2 groups,  P < 0.05 was considered to show a significant value. Results: Positive PCR results were observed in 35% of cases and none of controls, positive-IgG was seen in 20% of cases and 6.4% of controls (P = 0.71) which was higher in older cases (6 vs. 4 years, p < 0.05). Positive –IgM was seen in 10% of cases vs. 9.7% of controls, (P = 0.74); without any difference for age (6.2/ 5.3 years, p = 0.1). A positive PCR result was not related to positive IgG (p = 0.014), but to a positive IgM (p = 0.1). Conclusion: M. pneumoniae infection was found serologically (IgM & IgG) in10% and 20% of cases, respectively. These numbers along with positive PCR in adenoid tissue of cases (30%) indicates the prominent role for M. pneumoniae in adenoid hypertrophy. We concluded that children in Iran will have been infected with M. pneumoniae and would have obtained immunity between the ages of 6 and 8. Adenoid tissue might act as a reservoir for M. pneumoniae and cause rhino sinusitis concomitant with adenoid hypertrophy in infected children. Theoretically, suitable M. pneumoniae eradicating antibiotics before adenoid surgery (with rhino sinusitis or chronic ear infection) might be helpful treatment, but it needs future RCT studies to be proven. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/659 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/659/431

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 68 75 EN Sanjeev Kumar Tripathi Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. Prashant Gupta Department of Microbiology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India. Vineeta Khare Department of Microbiology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, India. Animesh Chatterjee Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. Rashmi Kumar Department of Pediatrics, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India. Mohammed-Yahiya Khan Department of Biotechnology, Babasahib Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. Tapan N Dhole Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Dengue has re-emerged as an important arboviral disease causing significant morbidity. It has become hyperendemic in the Indian subcontinent with all four known dengue serotypes circulating. Materials and Methods: Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees of DENV-3 were constructed to determine the extent of the isolated dengue virus genetic heterogeneity and phylogeny. Results: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the C-prM gene junction revealed an active circulation of a new lineage of DENV-3 (genotype III) in this region of India. Conclusion: Continuous epidemiological surveillance to monitor the incursion and spread of dengue virus genotypes in this region of India is needed. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/655 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/655/427

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 76 80 EN Seyed Hamidreza Monavari Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Keyvani Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamidreza Mollaie Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rouhollah Vahabpour Roudsari Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background Objectives: The risk of adefovir dipivoxil resistance emergence has increased in lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B infected patients. The mutations known as causing adefovir resistance, rtN236T and rtA181V/T, are detected within the D and B functional domain of the HBV polymerase, respectively. In this study, we intended to determine the pre-existing adefovir-resistance mutations in patients infected with LAM resistant mutants prior to starting adefovir therapy. Material and Methods: The study included 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine resistance mutations in the YMDD motif that experienced viral breakthrough. Results: After alignment of protein coding sequences, the rtN236T mutation was observed in two (6.6 %) patients, while twenty-eight others had neither rtN236T, nor rtA181V/T mutation. All 30 patients were infected with genotype D of hepatitis B virus. Conclusions: The early detection of LAM-resistance mutations may allow a timely chance of therapy to avoid hepatitis flare- up. This data suggests that monitoring of ADV-resistance mutations in ADV naïve patients can be considered in selecting the appropriate anti-viral regimen. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/645 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/645/417

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 81 85 EN Zahra Bahri Kazempour Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hossein Yazdi Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Rafii Division of Microbiology National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, U.S.A. Ahmad Reza Shahverdi Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background: The antifungal activity of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) prepared by Klebsiella pneumoniae has been reported previously for different fungi. In the present study, freshly prepared Se NPs produced by K. pneumoniae were purified and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and its post antifungal effects for two fungi were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Se NPs, determined by serial dilution were 250 µg/ml for Aspergillus niger and 2,000 µg/ml for Candida albicans.  The effect of exposure of A.  niger and C.  albicans to Se NPs on later growth was evaluated  by incubating the fungi  for 1 hour at 25 oC in media  containing 0, 1, 2 and 4 x MIC of Se NPs and diluting the cultures 100 times with Se free medium. The kinetics of growth of the fungi in control cultures and in non-toxic Se NPs concentration  of,  0.01 × MIC, 0.02 × MIC or 0.04×MIC were measured. Results: The exposure of A. niger and C. albicans to 2 and 4 x MIC of Se NPs stimulated the growth of both fungi in the absence of toxic concentrations of Se. The strongest stimulation was observed for A. niger. Conclusions: It is concluded that exposure to high concentration of the Se NPs did not have any post-inhibitory effect on A. niger and C. albicans and that trace amounts of this element promoted growth of both fungi in a dose- dependent-manner. The role of nanoparticles serving as needed trace elements and development of microorganism tolerance to nanoparticles should not be dismissed while considering therapeutic potential. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/647 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/647/419

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 86 90 EN Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Mahin Najafyan Department of Obstetric and Genecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Eskandar Moghimipour Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Maryam Alwanian Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Zahra Seifi Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 2015 10 16 Background and Objectives: Vaginal candidiasis is a common disease in women during their lifetime and occurs in diabetes patients, during pregnancy and oral contraceptives users. Although several antifungals are routinely used for treatment; however, vaginal candidiasis is a challenge for patients and gynecologists. The aim of the present study was to evaluate terbinafine (Lamisil) on Candida vaginitis versus clotrimazole. Materials and Methods: In the present study women suspected to have vulvovaginal candidiasis were sampled and disease confirmed using direct smear and culture examination from vaginal discharge. Then, patients were randomly divided into two groups, the first group (32 cases) was treated with clotrimazole and the next (25 cases)  with Lamisil. All patients were followed-up to three weeks of treatment and therapeutic effects of both antifungal were compared. Results: Our results shows that 12 (37.5%) patients were completely treated with clotrimazole during two weeks and,6(18.8%) patients did not respond to drugs and were refereed for fluconazole therapy. Fourteen (43.8%) patients showed moderate response and clotrimazole therapy was extended for one more week. When Lamisil was administrated, 19 (76.0%) patients were completely treated with Lamisil in two weeks, and 1 (4.0%) of the patients did not respond to the drug and was refereed for fluconazole therapy. Five (20.0%) of our patients showed moderate response and Lamisil therapy was extended for one more week. Conclusion: Our results show that vaginal cream, 1% Lamisil, could be suggested as a first-line treatment in vulvovaginal candidiasis. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/649 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/649/421

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 5 1 2013 03 15 91 98 EN Manizheh Karami Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed Unive