Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 669 681 Sepide Kadivarian Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mosayeb Rostamian Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Policy and Promotion Institute, Kermanshah, Iran Sara Kooti Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Shirin Dashtbin Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Somayeh Hosseinabadi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Ramin Abiri Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Amirhooshang Alvand Medical Technology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2024 11 16 2025 07 12 Background and Objectives: Rapid and accurate identification of suspicious SARS-CoV-2 patients is essential in controlling the infection. Numerous commercial kits are developed which target diverse regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus genome. This systematic review addresses the lack of comprehensive analyses comparing the diagnostic value of commercial kits for SARS-CoV-2 detection. We aimed to compare diagnostic value of commercial SARS-CoV-2 kits in clinical samples using a systematic review and meta-analysis method. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on main databases of Medline (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science and Scopus from 2019 to October 2021 using the appropriate keywords. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline PRISMA checklist was used to select eligible studies. Results: The most frequent introduced kits were from USA (33 cases) and China (27). Among all studies, 11, 9 and 7 papers had assessed FDA –CDC, Sansure and Allplex kits, respectively. The majority of the kits were based on RT-PCR (52 cases) and the most frequent genes target was N protein (63 cases). The overall sensitivity of the kits was 80.5%. The lowest sensitivity was reported for Daan Kit, while the highest sensitivity was seen for many kits. The specificity of the kits ranged from 87.9% to 99.8% and the overall specificity was 97.9%. Both PPV and NPV of the kits ranged from 87.9% to 99.8% for PPV and 82.9% to 99.8% for NPV. Conclusion: Based on DOR obtained from three different formulas, GeneFinder, InBios, NxTAG, Simplexa and FDA-CDC kit have better detection performance. The GeneFinder Kit appears to be among the more suitable options regarding cost-effectiveness for each reaction. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5139 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5139/1812

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 682 694 Alaleh Zoghi Department of Food Technology Research, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kianoush Khosravi-Darani Department of Food Technology Research, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 07 23 2025 09 03 One of the main pillars of human health depends on healthy nutrition. Chicken makes up a significant part of human nutrition particularly in societies experiencing economic inflation and severe disruptions to people's livelihoods. So livestock and poultry pose a crucial impact on food safety and immunity. Probiotics have acquired worldwide acceptance as a healthy ingredient for usage as a potential feed supplement to reduce food-borne diseases and confirm food hygiene from farm to fork. Feed additives containing live yeast, e.g. Saccharomyces boulardii, and yeast derivative products can increase feed intake and intestinal health, and improve productivity. This probiotic, non-pathogenic yeast possesses several health-beneficial properties for poultry and livestock. However, it was previously believed that yeast did not have an effective probiotic effect in chicken and poultry. In this review, the advantages of using Saccharomyces boulardii has been introduced as a probiotic for poultry and livestock. This comprehensive analysis explores the multifaceted applications of probiotics in animal feed from health and AMR perspectives, examining their mechanisms of action, benefits, and potential to transform sustainable animal production practices. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4931 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4931/1813

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 695 701 Aicha Qasmaoui Department of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Epidemic Diseases, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Biology, Team of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco Samira Natoubi Department of Nursing, Higher Institute of the Nursing Professions and Technical Health of Casablanca, Laboratory of Health, Care and Sustainable Development, Casablanca, Morocco Mehdi Bougharouine Department of Epidemiological Surveillance, Provincial Health Safety and Monitoring Unit, Provincial Delegation of the Ministry of Health, Laayoune, Morocco Farida Ohmani Department of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Epidemic Diseases, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco Karima Halout Department of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Epidemic Diseases, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco Jamila Hamamouchi Department of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Epidemic Diseases, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco Bouchra Belkadi Department of Biology, Team of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco Reda Charof Department of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Epidemic Diseases, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco 2025 07 16 2025 09 12 Background and Objectives: Brucellosis, a contagious infection caused by Brucella spp, remains the most widely reported bacterial zoonosis globally. Since the clinical manifestations are often non-specific, reliable laboratory confirmation, in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations, is essential. This study reports human brucellosis cases between 2017 and 2025 based on serological confirmation; it also discusses approaches to improve diagnostic accuracy for better surveillance, timely treatment, and support public health strategies. Materials and Methods: A total of 95 serum samples were obtained from patients presenting with clinical manifestations suggestive of brucellosis. Initial screening was performed using the Rose Bengal test, and positive or equivocal samples were further analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to detect both IgG and IgM antibodies for serological confirmation. Results: Among the 95 patients investigated, the Rose Bengal test yielded positive results in 69.5% of cases. Serological confirmation by ELISA demonstrated IgM seropositivity in 57.9% of patients and IgG seropositivity in 55.8%. The diagnostic performance of ELISA showed a sensitivity of 83.3% for IgM detection and 80.3% for IgG detection. Regarding patient demographics, the mean age was 37.9 ± 16.4 years, with a slight male predominance (54.7%). Conclusion: The study reveals a considerable proportion of brucellosis-positive cases, confirming the value of serological testing in endemic regions such as Morocco. Nonetheless, serology should be complemented with advanced diagnostic methods, including PCR to improve both the accuracy and timeliness of diagnosis. These findings support the adoption of integrated diagnostic approaches and the reinforcement of laboratory capacity in high-risk areas. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5635 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5635/1814

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 702 707 Lida Lotfollahi Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Zahra Shahabi Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Zahra Mousarezai Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Shabnam Kimyai Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Azar Hemmati Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Ehsan Shojadel Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2025 01 15 2025 08 07 Background and Objectives: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract and genitalia of both humans and animals. GBS infections can lead to a range of conditions, including meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. The present study aimed to analyze the colonization rate, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotypes of GBS in pregnant women in Urmia, Iran. Materials and Methods: Following GBS isolation from pregnant women and confirming its presence through PCR, antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted to assess resistance patterns, followed by amplification of resistance genes (mefA, ermB, ermTR, linB) and molecular serotyping to determine the genetic characteristics of the strains. Results: Out of 400 samples, 31 (7.75%) were positive for GBS, with 22 (70.97%) showing multidrug resistance. Clindamycin had the highest resistance rate (80.65%), while penicillin showed the lowest (3.23%). Serotypes II and V were the most common (38.71% each), followed by Ia (19.35%) and III (3.23%). The ermB gene was detected in 4 strains, while mefA, ermTR, and linB were not found. Conclusion: Optimal management of GBS infections in pregnant women necessitates ongoing surveillance and antibiotic stewardship, considering penicillin resistance and observed resistance patterns. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5252 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5252/1815

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 708 717 Marzieh Esmaeilzadeh Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran Farshid Kafilzadeh Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran Mohammad Kargar Department of Microbiology, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Yadegar Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 11 16 2025 06 29 Background and Objectives: Studies have indicated that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection could correlate with autophagy dysregulation. This research was undertaken to investigate whether H. pylori can dysregulate the expression of genes related to autophagy in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Materials and Methods: Ten H. pylori clinical isolates recovered from peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and chronic gastritis (CG) patients were used for cell infection assays. AGS cells infected with H. pylori strains at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 were incubated at 37°C for 12 h. The expression of autophagy-related genes (atg5, atg12, atg16L1, LC3B, and beclin-1) was determined in AGS cells by RT-qPCR. ELISA was applied to measure IL-8 production. Results: The gene expression of atg5, atg12, atg16L1, LC3B was upregulated by both CG and PUD strains. The overexpression was more pronounced in PUD than CG strains. On the contrary, beclin-1 gene was downregulated in all H. pylori-infected AGS cells. In addition, H. pylori strains could significantly produce IL-8 in AGS cells. Conclusion: Our in vitro study demonstrates that H. pylori could alter the expression of autophagy-related genes. Further investigation could precisely uncover the mechanism whereby H. pylori dysregulates host autophagy. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5140 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5140/1816

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 718 724 Shahram Jamshidi Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Matin Mozafari Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Masoomeh Khanipour Machiani Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Bashizade Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2025 03 05 2025 09 01 Background and Objectives: Helicobacter and Wolinella are gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Helicobacteraceae family. While Helicobacter species are well-known for their role in gastric disorders, emerging evidence suggests their presence in the oral cavity and potential involvement in periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: Helicobacter and Wolinella species were investigated in 122 saliva and periodontal plaque samples from dogs and cats by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and 16S rDNA gene identification. Results: Comparing the periodontitis group and the healthy group, a higher incidence of positive Wolinella and Helicobacter species was shown in both dog and cat groups. 16S rDNA genes of Helicobacter were detected in 60% of the cats and 67.7% of the dogs. Detection of 16S rDNA genes of the Wolinella group in felines was 78.3% which was higher than in canines (67.7%). Helicobacter felis (35%) was the most common species detected in cats, contrary to dogs, in which Helicobacter heilmannii (30%) detection was higher (in both groups). Helicobacter pylori was not detected in either group. Conclusion: Comparing the occurrence of Helicobacter and Wolinella in the mouths of dogs and cats, their association with periodontal disease, and the possibility of a common source of infections between humans and companion animals is of great importance for the management of oral health in animals and humans. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5330 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5330/1817

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 725 733 Aya Maytah Department of Basic Sciences, Ma′an University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Ma′an, Jordan Omar AlKofahi Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan Rania Al-Groom Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan Department of Basic Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia Basem Fouad Dababneh Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan Anas Da'meh Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan Rahaf Alsarayereh Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan Fuad Alhawarat Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Hussein Bin Abdullah II Academy for Civil Protection, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan Heba Ahmad Al Shqairat Precision Medical Lab (PMLAB), AL-Karak, Jordan 2025 07 08 2025 08 22 Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen principally related with hospital-acquired infections. This study aimed to isolate and identify A. baumannii strains, investigate their resistance to various antibiotics, and characterize A. baumannii at the molecular level. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 samples were obtained from various hospital departments, including the intensive care unit (ICU), emergency room, kidney dialysis and surgery units. The incidence of drug resistance was studied using the Vitek 2 Compact system and further using molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction to analyze the genes responsible for resistance. Results: The study exhibited a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii isolates, especially in ICU patients. The males were the predominant group, accounting for 60% whereas females were 40%. The most frequent samples were from urine (43%) and skin (24%). Majority of samples were from the ICU (42%) and emergency departments (20%). The tested isolates exhibited the highest resistance (66%) to oxacillin, whereas the maximum sensitivity (52%) was recorded for Erythromycin. Molecular analysis revealed the occurrence of resistance genes blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51, and blaOXA-58, which contribute to carbapenem resistance. Conclusion: The findings emphasize that A. baumannii remains a formidable nosocomial pathogen, and there is pressing requirement for enhanced infection control procedures and antibiotic stewardship. Through improved molecular observation, judicious use of antibiotics and improved infection control practices, healthcare providers can alleviate the impact of MDR A. baumannii infections and improve the prognosis for affected patients in Jordan and beyond. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5606 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5606/1818

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 734 740 Hayder Ali Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq Dhuha Jabir Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq Zainab Falih Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq Salam Najm Department Diwaniyah Health, Ministry of Health, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq 2025 05 01 2025 07 23 Background and Objectives: Hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibits distinct phenotypic and genetic characteristics that distinguish it from the classic K. pneumoniae pathogen. The aim of current study was to investigate some phenotypic and genetic markers used for hmKp identification. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from the respiratory care unit in Al-Diwanyiah Teaching Hospital \Diwanyah, Iraq, from the first of November 2024 to the first of March 2025. The bacteria were identified, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using VITEK 2 ID-GN and AST cards. Hypermucoviscosity was assessed using the string test, and an investigation into several adherence and virulence genes was conducted for all isolates. Then, multi-locus sequence typing was performed for hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae isolates. Results: 3 (4.22%) of 71 isolates were hypermucoviscous. The virulence and adherence genes were present in 100% of the isolates, whereas rmpA was only found in hypermucoviscous isolates. The results showed that the hmKp isolates were members of clonal group 147 (CG147) and were assigned to sequence type (ST) 293. Conclusion: The string test is the primary phenotypical diagnosis for hmKp, while the genetically encoded rmpA gene is the most reliable genetic marker for hmKp identification. However, MLST is not beneficial for identification. The central positioning of ST392 within the MST highlights its potential role as an emerging high-risk clone. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5474 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5474/1819

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 741 750 Muhammad Shafiq Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan Amnah Khan Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Hyder Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan Umme Farwa Department of Pathology, Fazaia Medical College, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan Farhan Kursheed Department of Microbiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Sana Khan Department of Pathology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan Ayesha Siddiqa Department of Pathology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan Iftikhar Ahmed National Culture Collection of Pakistan (NCCP), Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI), National Agriculture Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Saeed Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Fiaz Department of Pathology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan 2024 12 25 2025 07 18 Background and Objectives: Global health is seriously threatened by the rise of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). The blaNDM gene, a key carbapenemase coding gene, causes global health concern due to its multidrug resistance and easy spread through mobile genetic elements. This study aimed to identify and genetically characterize the blaNDM genes from uropathogens, its antibiotic susceptibility, and its correlation with global sequences. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were processed following microbiological guidelines. Isolates were identified using API-20E. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disc diffusion method, and bacterial DNAs were extracted for blaNDM gene sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. Results: CREs were detected in 11.92% (n=51) of the 428 Enterobacterales. Among CRE isolates, 45% (n=23) were positive for blaNDM gene harbored by Klebsiella pneumoniae (57%), followed by Escherichia coli (26%). Uropathogenic CRE, harboring blaNDM, revealed susceptibility of 34.78%, 60.87%, and 65.22% to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin respectively. The blaNDM-5 variant was most common (69.57%), followed by blaNDM-1 (26.09%) and blaNDM-7 (4.35%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that blaNDM variants exhibit diverse relationships with Pakistani and worldwide sequences. Conclusion: The significant presence of blaNDM in uropathogens, along with extensive antibiotic resistance, underscores the urgent need for continuous monitoring and antibiotic stewardship programs to manage the growing threat of CRE infections. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5216 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5216/1820

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 751 760 Amer Mustafa Department of Microbiology, General Directorate of Health Erbil, Ministry of Health, Erbil, Iraq 2025 03 02 2025 09 19 Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in pregnancy and can cause maternal and fetal complications. Proteus mirabilis is a significant pathogen in recurrent UTIs due to its virulence factors. This study investigated the virulence genes and antibiotic resistance patterns of P. mirabilis isolates from pregnant women with UTIs in Erbil, Iraq. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study (September 2024–January 2025) included 120 urine specimens from pregnant women (15-44 years) with UTI symptoms. Bacterial identification was performed using culture, biochemical tests, as well as the Vitek 2 system. Virulence genes were detected by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by standard methods. Results: Of the 120 samples, 103 (85.8%) showed bacterial growth; 8 (6.7%) were positive for P. mirabilis, while 95 (79.1%) yielded other bacteria. The most affected age group was 25-34 years (52.5%), predominantly in the second trimester (42.5%) and urban residents (60.8%). Antimicrobial resistance was significant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cephalosporins, although susceptibility was observed with several antibiotics. All P. mirabilis isolates harbored the UreC gene, and 75% possessed the MrpA virulence gene. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis with key virulence genes was detected in pregnant women with UTIs. Regular screening and resistance monitoring are essential for effective management. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5325 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5325/1821

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 761 772 Zeb Hussain Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Dow Institute of Medical Technology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Asma Naim Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Ambreen Fatima Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Asad Karim Department of Molecular Medicine, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Fakhur Uddin Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, Pakistan Surraya Shams Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Dow Institute of Medical Technology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan 2025 05 20 2025 08 25 Background and Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a serious ICU challenge. This study determined the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and phenotypic carbapenemase resistance mechanisms of Gram-negative isolates from VAP patients in two tertiary hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: We included 104 consecutive cases of VAP (July 2021–January 2023). A total of 67 carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative isolates were identified and tested. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion and broth micro dilution, according to CLSI and EUCAST guidelines. Modified and enhanced carbapenem inactivation methods (mCIM/eCIM) were used to distinguish metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and serine carbapenemase production. Results: The mean age was 44.6 ± 18.3 years; 52.2% were male. Early-onset VAP accounted for 37.3% and late-onset for 62.7%. The most frequent pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (49.3%, 33/67) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.9%, 14/67). Notably, 67% of isolates produced MBLs, and 33% produced serine carbapenemases (phenotypically). The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR) phenotypes was 42.6%, 31.3%, and 19.4%, respectively. Conclusion: VAP in our ICUs was dominated by A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae with high levels of MBL-mediated resistance. These findings highlight the urgent need for surveillance, stewardship, and new therapeutic options. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5505 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5505/1822

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 773 782 Azadeh Ehsani Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Neda Soleimani Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza Modaresi Estehbanati Department of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 12 01 2025 08 07 Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis. Its level of virulence is primarily controlled through Quorum Sensing (QS), a communication mechanism that utilizes small signaling molecules. This study investigates P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance in CF patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital and examines the presence of QS genes in resistant strains. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five P. aeruginosa samples were identified in CF patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Antibiotic resistance was assessed using the disk diffusion method, and QS genes (rhlI, rhlR, lasI, lasR) were evaluated by applying PCR. Results: Approximately 61.5 % of P. aeruginosa strains were multiple-drug-resistant (MDR), with 30.7% classified as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin, amikacin, and cefepime. The most common QS gene in MDR and XDR strains was rhlR. Additionally, 78.9% of XDR isolates carried rhlI, rhlR, lasI, and lasR genes. Conclusion: The study specified that more than half of the P. aeruginosa strains exhibited resistance to five antibiotic classes, and effective antibiotics against P. aeruginosa were colistin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and cefotaxime. A noteworthy correlation was identified between MDR and XDR strains and the existence of QS genes in the strains. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5169 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5169/1823

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 783 790 Farzaneh Zarei Mahmoodabadi Department of Biology, ET.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Akram Tabatabaee Bafroee Department of Biology, ET.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Arfa Moshiri Departments of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy Seyed Davar Siadat Departments of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Class of 2025, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Nayereh Ebrahimzadeh Departments of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2025 04 28 2025 08 07 Background and Objectives: Breast tissue microbiota differs between healthy and cancerous tissues, with some bacteria influencing tumor progression. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a common skin commensal found in breast tumors, may play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key step in metastasis. This study evaluated the effects of S. epidermidis culture and cell-free supernatant (CFS) on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell survival and expression of EMT-related genes Snail1, fibronectin 1 (FN1), and N-cadherin (CDH2). Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of S. epidermidis cultures and their CFS were applied to MDA-MB-231 cells. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT assay at 2, 4, and 24 hours post-treatment. Real-time PCR analyzed gene expression after 24 hours of exposure to non-toxic concentrations (MOI 50 and 100 for cultures; 14% for CFS). Results: Low concentrations did not affect viability, while higher doses (MOI 100 and 14% CFS) reduced viability by up to 60% and 90%, respectively, at 24 hours. MOI 50 did not significantly alter gene expression. At MOI 100, Snail1 and FN1 were significantly upregulated, but CDH2 was unchanged. Treatment with 5% and 7% CFS significantly increased all three EMT gene expressions, indicating EMT induction. Conclusion: S. epidermidis affects EMT gene expression and cell viability, indicating potential involvement in breast cancer progression. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5468 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5468/1824

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 791 803 Nguyen Vinh Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Department of Pharmaceutics, Research Center Of Discovery and Development Of Healthcare Products, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Nguyen Bac Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Nguyen Thien Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Do Minh Department of Science, John F. Kennedy Catholic High School, Washington, U.S.A Dao Trung Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 2025 07 15 2025 09 14 Background and Objectives: White basil (Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae) essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial effects but its aqueous insolubility and high volatility restrict its applications. This study aimed to develop a nanodispersed mouthwash containing white basil essential oil, optimizing of surfactant/co-surfactant type and ratio, assess its physicochemical stability and antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Materials and Methods: Formulations combining white basil essential oil, Tween-80, isopropanol, Labrasol and water were prepared. Particle size, zeta potential, and pH were measured. Stability was evaluated under accelerated (40°C, 75% RH) and stressed (60°C, 75% RH) conditions over three months. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) after 30-second exposure. Results: Characterization of the optimized formulation revealed an average particle size of 128 nm, neutral zeta potential, pH 3.42. Stability testing demonstrated thermodynamic resistance under all storage conditions for three months without phase separation or significant size change. The MBC against Streptococcus mutans was 0.4% w/v essential oil following 30 seconds of exposure. A corresponding mouthwash with 0.4% w/v essential oil demonstrated equivalent bactericidal activity. Conclusion: Nanodispersion offers a promising strategy for white basil essential oil in mouthwash formulations. The developed formulation shows favorable stability and rapid bactericidal action, supporting further evaluation for clinical and commercial development. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5628 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5628/1825

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 804 813 EN Manizheh Hajizadeh Varzeghan Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Zarrini Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Farzam Sheikhzadeh Hesari Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad Hossein Modarressi Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 12 21 2025 07 17 Background and Objectives: Probiotics are effective in improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study assessed the effect of mesalazine and two candidate probiotics on the improvement of acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis model. Materials and Methods: Lactobacillus plantarum MS1and Lactobacillus delbrueckii YN1 were used for IBD model in rat. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 50 grams were used in 5 classified groups: Control (CO); Colitis (CL); Colitis, Probiotic (CLP); Colitis, Mesalazine (CLM); Colitis, Probiotic, Mesalazine (CLPM) and the treatment period was 3 weeks. The rats were treated with mesalazine 30 mg/kg and probiotic 109 CFU/ml after induction of colitis. Histopathological and immunological analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of probiotic bacteria on IBD. Results: The results showed that the probiotic bacteria reduced inflammation (P<0.05), extent (P<0.01), crypt abscesses (P<0.01), edema (P<0.05), inflammatory cell infiltration (P<0.5), and increased mucosa (P<0.001) in rats. Mesalazine administration in animals with colitis did not have a significant effect. Administration of probiotics in both CLP and CLPM groups reduced extent, crypt abscesses, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration and showed an important role in the down-regulation of consolidation of pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-17), as well as up-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. Conclusion: Lactobacillus plantarum MS1 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii YN1 have shown significant potential in alleviating AA-induced colitis symptoms. Their administration leads to a marked reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6, while enhancing IL-10 levels, indicating their promise as therapeutic candidates for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5210 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5210/1826

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 814 825 Najmeh Vahed Dehkordi Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Ebrahim Rahimi Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran 2024 05 22 2024 12 11 Background and Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause of illness from consuming contaminated food. MRSA is mainly known for its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics including methicillin. This research examined the antimicrobial resistance pattern, enterotoxigenic dispensation, virulence factors, and biotyping for MRSA isolates. Materials and Methods: Susceptibility of S. aureus isolates to 13 types of antibiotics were assessed, and the genes associated with the resistance were investigated. Disk diffusion was used to identify the phenotypic tenet of antibiotic resistance. PCR is instrumental in detecting genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, virulence and enterotoxin genes. Results: S. aureus were found in 167 out of 363 nugget and salad samples, representing 46% of the total sample count. Seventy-eight isolates (46.71%) were identified as MRSA bacteria. Its prevalence in different sources was as follows: 10% in bovine, 0% in ovine, 30% in poultry, and 56% in humans. MRSA displays high prevalence of resistance to cefotaxime and tetracycline (100%). coa was the most prevalent virulence factor (100%) in MRSA. Conclusion: Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA, highlights a serious health issue, as the presence of different antibiotic resistance genes exacerbates multidrug resistance in MRSA isolates. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4807 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4807/1827

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 826 834 Shahla Shahsavandi Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Sina Soleimani Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Majid Tebyanian Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Amir Ali Hariri Biotechnology Department, Behyaar Sanaat Sepahan Company, Isfahan, Iran Ashraf Mohammadi Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Abbas Zare Mirakabadi Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Mojtaba Noofeli Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran Zarrin Sharifnia Biotechnology Department, Behyaar Sanaat Sepahan Company, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Mahdi Ranjbar Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran 2025 02 18 2025 09 06 Background and Objectives: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has presented a challenging issue for global health in the 21st century. Frequent mutations in viral genomes have diminished the effectiveness of current vaccines against new variants. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a promising platform for eliciting a robust T cell immune response. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the uptake of mRNA-LNPs into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by measuring the intensity of enhanced eGFP expression in the transfected cells. Next, we assessed the effect of mRNA-LNPs on immune response induction in mice following a prime-boost immunization strategy, along with analyzing cytokine release. The safety of the vaccine candidate was examined through pyrogenicity and toxicity assays. Results: Upon intramuscular injection of mice, potent antibodies specific to viral S protein, robust Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity, and enhanced IFN-γ expression were induced. These observations indicate that mRNA-LNP was taken up and that it migrated to the lymph nodes. Furthermore, the vaccine candidate did not cause inflammation or local reactions after injection, as confirmed by biochemical, hematological, and histopathological examinations. Conclusion: Because of its ability to target immune cells, the mRNA vaccine candidate can potentially improve immune responses against circulating or emerging variants. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5303 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5303/1828

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 835 840 EN Farah Farzaneh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khatereh Hekmatnia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Sadat Hosseini Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maliheh Arab Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Talayeh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahshid Vasef Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samaneh Yavari Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Keyvani Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 07 17 2025 08 16 Background and Objectives: This study investigated the correlation between high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV), sexually transmitted disease (STD), and vaginal microbiota in patients with a normal Pap smear. Materials and Methods: For women who were referred for their routine cervical cancer screening, in addition to co-testing, some samples were taken from the vaginal and cervical environment to check the presence of the most common STD pathogens. The diagnosis of the organisms was done by means of PCR and microbial cultures. Results: HR HPV was detected in 67 women, and STD was positive in 80% of them, while in HR HPV negative women, this was 67%. The HPV positive group reported a significantly higher rate of STD history (92% vs. 82%) and frequency of intercourse weekly (86% vs. 3.96%) (p<0.05). Lactobacilli, streptococcus, and staphylococcus concentrations were significantly lower in the HPV positive group compared to the HPV negative group (p<0.007; OR = 4.17). Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum were significantly (p<0.001) more prevalent in the HPV positive group compared to the HPV negative group. Conclusion: This study showed that the existence of other STDs and the composition of the vaginal and cervical microbiome play an important role in either the clearance or the progression of high-risk HPV. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5630 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5630/1829

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 841 847 EN Narges Jarrahi Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Arezou Khosrojerdi Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Fereshte Osmani Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Armin Ziaee Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Masood Ziaee Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; National Institutes for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran 2024 11 24 2025 08 30 Background and Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health challenge, particularly in hyperendemic regions. This study assessed the effectiveness of Iran's national HBV vaccination program in Esfandiar village, South Khorasan Province, where HBV prevalence substantially exceeds the national average. We compared hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence between cohorts born before and after implementation of the universal vaccination program in 1993. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study encompassing both unvaccinated individuals (born before 1993) and vaccinated individuals (born 1993 onwards) in Esfandiar village. Serum samples were analyzed for HBsAg, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: HBsAg prevalence was markedly higher among unvaccinated individuals (22.56%, 132/585) compared to vaccinated individuals (1.19%, 3/252), yielding a vaccine effectiveness of 94.74%. Among vaccinated children, 54% maintained protective antibody titers (>10 mIU/mL), with highest levels observed in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers. Conversely, 46% of vaccinated children demonstrated suboptimal antibody titers (<10 mIU/mL), predominantly among those born to HBsAg-negative mothers. Notably, all three HBsAg-positive vaccinated children were born to mothers with concurrent HBsAg and HBeAg positivity. Conclusion: The national HBV vaccination program demonstrates remarkable effectiveness in reducing HBsAg prevalence, underscoring the critical importance of universal neonatal immunization in endemic settings. Enhanced preventive strategies, including hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) administration to infants of HBeAg-positive mothers, could further optimize protection. Sustained surveillance and rigorous adherence to vaccination protocols remain essential for achieving comprehensive HBV control. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5152 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5152/1830

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 848 853 Fatemeh Amirzadeh-Ghasemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak Daie Ghazvini Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Ahmadi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Pegah Ardi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Abastabar Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Davoud Roostaei Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Zahra Rafat Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2025 02 26 2025 05 19 Background and Objectives: The increasing incidence of antifungal-resistant Candida infections, particularly among cancer patients, emphasizes the urgency of exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antifungal efficacy of three anticancer agents—tamoxifen, panobinostat, and miltefosine—both individually and in combination with the antifungals fluconazole and itraconazole, against fluconazole-resistant Candida strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 clinical Candida isolates (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. auris) were evaluated. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted following the microdilution protocol outlined by CLSI. Results: The combination of panobinostat with fluconazole exhibited full synergistic activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Conversely, antagonistic effects were observed with C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata, while C. auris displayed an indifferent response. Panobinostat paired with itraconazole showed synergy exclusively against C. albicans. Similarly, miltefosine combined with itraconazole demonstrated synergism with C. albicans, but no interaction was found with fluconazole. Tamoxifen in conjunction with itraconazole revealed a synergistic response against C. albicans, antagonism with C. tropicalis, and indifference with other species. Conclusion: Certain combinations of antifungals and anticancer agents could potentiate antifungal activity against resistant Candida isolates. Therefore, precise species-level identification is vital for tailoring effective combination therapies, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5309 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5309/1831

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 17 5 2025 10 14 854 860 Mahsa Naeimi Eshkaleti Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak Daie Ghazvini Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kazem Ahmadikia Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Rahimi Foroshani Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Ahmadi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nasibeh Ghasemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 05 13 2025 08 05 Background and Objectives: Dermatophytosis is a significant worldwide health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Tinea unguium (TU) and Tinea capitis (TC) are among the most prevalent clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis caused by several dermatophyte fungi. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology and distribution of dermatophytes causing TU and TC in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: From March 2023 to March 2024, a clinical mycology center in Tehran received 342 suspected cases of TU and TC. The diagnostic methods included the conventional and molecular methods by sequencing the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Results: Overall prevalence of dermatophytosis was 59/342 (17.2%) among suspected patients by direct examination. TU and TC were diagnosed in 31/59 (53%) and 28/59 (47%), respectively. The final prevalence among suspected patients was 43/342 (12.5%) by PCR-sequencing, and TC accounted for the largest group of them, 25/43 (58%). Females represented the largest group of suspected TU cases (204/303, 67%; mean age: 57 years), while males predominated among TC patients (28/39, 74%; mean age: 10 years). PCR-sequencing revealed Trichophyton tonsurans was the most common agent of TC, 22/25 (88%), and Trichophyton indotineae emerged as a notable cause of TU in 5/18 (28%) of confirmed cases. Conclusion: In our study, T. tonsurans remained the predominant cause of TC, while T. indotineae emerged as a significant cause of TU. Agreement between conventional and molecular methods was substantial (κ=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61–0.85), with 81.8% misidentification of the T. mentagrophytes complex but complete accuracy for T. tonsurans and Microsporum canis. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5494 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5494/1832