Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 482 491 Vivekanand Jadhav Department of Microbiology, LNCT Medical College and Sewakunj Hospital, Madhya Pradesh, India Meenakshi Bhakare Department of Respiratory Medicine, Symbiosis Medical College for Women (SMCW) and Symbiosis University Hospital and Research Centre (SUHRC), Maharashtra, India Arundhuti Paul Department of Microbiology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India Sumedh Deshpande Department of Biotechnology, Central Dogma Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, India Madhusmita Mishra Department of Biotechnology, Central Dogma Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, India Anjali Apte-Deshpande Department of Biotechnology, Central Dogma Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, India Neetu Gupta Department of Microbiology, Symbiosis Medical College for Women (SMCW) and Symbiosis University Hospital and Research Centre (SUHRC), Maharashtra, India Savita Jadhav Department of Microbiology, LNCT Medical College and Sewakunj Hospital, Madhya Pradesh, India 2023 01 18 2023 05 15 Background and Objectives: Methicillin resistance is acquired by the bacterium due to mecA gene which codes for penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) having low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics. mecA gene is located on a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). SCCmec genomic island comprises two site-specific recombinase genes namely ccrA and ccrB [cassette chromosome recombinase] accountable for mobility. Currently, SCCmec elements are classified into types I, II, III, IV and V based on the nature of the mec and ccr gene complexes and are further classified into subtypes according to variances in their J region DNA. SSCmec type IV has been found in community-acquired isolates with various genetic backgrounds. The present study was undertaken to categorize the types of SCCmec types and subtypes I, II, III, IVa, b, c, d, and V and PVL genes among clinical MRSA isolates from COVID-19 confirmed cases. Materials and Methods: Based on the Microbiological and Molecular (mecA gene PCR amplification) confirmation of MRSA isolated from 500 MRSA SCCmec clinical samples, 144 cultures were selected for multiplex analysis. The multiplex PCR method developed by Zhang et al. was adapted with some experimental alterations to determine the specific type of these isolates. Results: Of the total 500 MRSA, 144 MRSA (60 were CA-MRSA and 84 were HA-MRSA) were selected for characterization of novel multiplex PCR assay for SSCmec Types I to V in MRSA. Molecular characterization of multiplex PCR analysis revealed results compare to the phenotypic results. Of the 60 CA-MRSA; in 56 MRSA strains type IVa was found and significantly defined as CA-MRSA while 4 strains showed mixed gens subtypes. Type II, III, IA, and V were present in overall 84 HA-MRSA. Molecular subtyping was significantly correlated to define molecularly as CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA however 15 (10%) strains showed mixed genes which indicates the alarming finding of changing epidemiology of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA as well. Conclusion: We have all witnessed of COVID-19 pandemic, and its mortality was mostly associated with co-morbid conditions and secondary infections of MDR pathogens. Rapid detections of causative agents of these superbugs with their changing epidemiology by investing in typing and subtyping clones are obligatory. We have described an assay designed for targeting SSCmec types and subtypes I, II, III, IVa,V according to the current updated SCCmec typing system. Changing patterns of molecular epidemiology has been observed by this newly described assay. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4088 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4088/1592

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 492 502 Abdulhakim Mussema Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Getenet Beyene Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Esayas Gudina Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Dagninet Alelign Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia Tofik Mohammed Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia Solomon Bawore Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Abdurezak Mohammed Seid Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Wondwossen Tadesse Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Mulatu Gashaw Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 2023 04 27 2023 07 17 Background and Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem that restricts the options for treating bacterial pneumonia. This research aimed to determine the bacterial causes of pneumonia and antibiotic resistance among hospitalized patients in southwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: We collected and analyzed 150 sputum samples from individuals with community-acquired pneumonia from April 1st to October 30th, 2019. Standard bacteriological procedures were used to identify the bacteria. Kirby Bauer's disk diffusion method was used to assess the bacteria's susceptibility patterns. Production of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum-lactamase were confirmed phenotypically. Odds ratios and the chi-square test were computed. Results: On the whole, bacterial pathogens were verified in 50% of the sputum samples. The predominant bacterial isolates were Klebsiella species, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. About 77.5% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Moreover, 40.5% and 10.8% of the isolates were ESBL and carbapenemase producers, respectively. Aging, tobacco smoking, previous history of pneumonia, heart disease, and chronic respiratory disease had association with sputum culture-positivity. Conclusion: As a result, it is important to regularly monitor the bacterial etiologies and their patterns of resistance. Additionally, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics should all be taken into account while managing patients with pneumonia empirically in this context. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4207 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4207/1593

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 503 512 Alfredo Montes-Robledo Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, School of Biology, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Basic Health, School of Medicine, Universidad del Sinú Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia Yaleyvis Buelvas-Montes Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, School of Biology, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Basic Health, School of Medicine, Universidad del Sinú Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia Rosa Baldiris-Avila Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, School of Biology, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia 2023 02 13 2023 06 05 Background and Objectives: Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a recently recognized and highly diverse pathotype of E. coli. Its significance as a pathogen has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The aim of this study was to characterize ExPEC isolates from humans based on their phylogenetic group, virulence factor profile, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Materials and Methods: The isolates were collected from patients with extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and surgical site infections. The E. coli phylogenetic groups were determined using multiplex PCR. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for their biofilm-forming abilities, susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and presence of virulence genes. Results: In this study, the isolates were classified into four phylogenetic groups: A (48.3%), B2 (25.8%), D (19.35%), and B1 (6.45%). All isolates exhibited at least one of the ten analyzed virulence factors. However, there was no direct evidence linking a specific phylogenetic group to a particular virulence factor. Nevertheless, the presence of the fimH, fyuA, ompT, traT, and kpsMTII virulence genes was correlated with the production of strong biofilms, multidrug resistance (MDR), and the production of alpha hemolysin. Conclusion: This study provides a description of the phylogenetic groups in ExPEC and their potential association with virulence factor profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4125 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4125/1594

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 513 520 EN Saghi Rashidifar Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Naser Harzandi Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Sahar Honarmand Jahromi Department of Microbiology, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran Mohammad Javad Gharavi Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 03 18 2023 08 06 Background and Objectives: Gardnerella vaginalis is one of the most important causes of prevalent genital infections that pose serious risks. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis and antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates of patients referred to the gynecology clinic of Shahriar Noor Hospital by PCR and culture methods. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 500 patients who had suffered from a vaginal infection. The demographic data of patients were studied. For diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis isolates, cultivation in anaerobic conditions, biochemical tests, PCR and Gardnerella vaginalis antibiotic susceptibility test to metronidazole and clindamycin were performed. Data analysis was performed utilizing SPSS statistical software version 19 and the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 500 patients, 173 were diagnosed with Gardnerella vaginitis. There was a significant relationship between age group, level of education, and contraceptive method with Gardnerella vaginosis incidence. Performing antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated strains to metronidazole and clindamycin was 86.12% and 17.34%, respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis infections confirms the critical role of the bacterium in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Therefore, it is necessary to check the prevalence of bacterial infections to recommend the correct medical treatment in different societies. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3604 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3604/1595

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 521 532 Kamal Hasani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Hadi Sadeghi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Mehdi Vosoughi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Mehran Sardari Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Meysam Manouchehrifar Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Mohsen Arzanlou Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2023 03 26 2023 08 06 Background and Objectives: he occurrence and characteristics of Extended Spectrum- and AmpC-β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE) in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 wastewater samples were collected from all sections of WWTP. Enterobacterales were isolated and identified using standard microbiological tests. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic screening for ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE isolates was performed by double-disk synergy and boronic acid disk potentiation tests, respectively. The isolates were examined for AmpC- and ESBL-encoding genes by PCR and sequencing methods. Results: Among 146 Enterobacterales isolates, 8.9% (n=13) [ESBL-only; 5.48% (n=8) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] were ESBL-producers and 15.75% (n=23) [AmpC-only; 12.33% (n=18) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] AmpC-producers. Hafnia spp. with 33.33% (n=1/3) and E. coli with 20.58% (n=7/34) [ESBL-only; 17.64% (n=6/34) and ESBL + AmpC; 2.94% (n=1/34)] were the most common ESBL-producing bacteria. Enterobacter spp. with 37.50% (n=6/16) of isolates were the most common AmpC-producing organisms. ESBL- and/or AmpC-producing isolates were identified in all parts of the WWTP including 80% (n=8/10) of samples taken from effluent. Among ESBL-producing isolates, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV ESBL-encoding genes were found in 61.5% (n=8), 15.3% (n=2), and 7.7% (n=1) of isolates, respectively. All CTX-M-type enzymes belonged to the CTX-M-1 group and CTX-M-15 subgroup. blaTEM and blaSHV type genes belonged to blaTEM-20 and blaHSV-12 subtypes, respectively. blaDHA with 73.9% (n=17/23), and blaCIT and blaFOX with 30.4% (n=7/23) each, were the most common AmpC-encoding genes among AmpC-producing isolates. Overall, 75% of ESBL-producing and 55.5% of AmpC-producing isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance phenotypes. The organisms were most resistant against ampicillin (82.2%) nalidixic acid (43.8%) and cephalexin (41.1%). Conclusion: ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales spp. with diverse genetic resistance backgrounds in WWTP effluent poses a significant risk to public health. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4167 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4167/1596

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 533 540 EN Fardin Sheydai Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Vetification and comprehensive analysis of a NOVC strain isolated from bile, including its antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence gene content, and molecular characteristics. Materials and Methods: A NOVC isolate was obtained from the bile of a patient with a hepatobiliary tumor. The isolate was identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to characterize its molecular features, including antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, and relevant genetic mutations. Results: The NOVC isolate presents a multi-drug resistance phenotype. Corresponding genomic analysis indicates that this strain belongs to a novel sequence type (ST1736), carrying various drug resistance genes and virulence factors. Moreover, the blaCTX-M-65 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene was detected in its chromosomal genome. Conclusion: This study presents the first report of a multidrug-resistant NOVC strain isolated from bile in mainland China. Notably, the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-65 was identified chromosomally in NOVC for the first time. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5322 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5322/1861

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 55 66 EN Farzaneh Korani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Nayeb Ali Rezvani Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Noorkhoda Sadeghifard Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Behrooz Sadeghi Kalani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Reza Pakzad Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Parisa Asadollahi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2025 08 29 2025 12 07 Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading malignancy with multifactorial etiology, including genetic, environmental, and microbial factors. Bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, pks⁺ bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum have been linked to CRC, though their roles remain controversial. Some may promote inflammation and genotoxicity, while others may confer protective effects. This study assessed the presence and relative abundance of these bacteria in colorectal FFPE tissue samples. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included three groups of FFPE tissue samples: tumor tissues from CRC patients (Tumor, n=50), normal tissues adjacent to tumors (Adjacent, n=50), and normal tissues from non-CRC individuals (Normal, n=30). Sections were prepared with a microtome, and bacterial gene copy numbers were quantified using species-specific primers and quantitative real-time PCR, normalized to human GAPDH. Associations with age, sex, and neoplastic type were analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: B. bifidum was significantly higher in Adjacent tissues compared to Tumor and Normal (p < 0.0001). H. pylori detection increased progressively from Normal to Adjacent to Tumor tissues (p = 0.002). pks⁺ bacteria were detected only in individuals ≥60 years (p = 0.014). E. faecalis load was higher in Tumor tissues of females and older adults, though overall presence did not differ significantly among groups. Conclusion: Enrichment of B. bifidum and increased H. pylori detection near tumors suggest the tumor microenvironment favors bacterial persistence. Age- and sex-related patterns in pks⁺ and E. faecalis highlight host influences on microbial distribution in CRC, supporting further mechanistic studies. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5746 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5746/1862

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 67 73 Arun Sachu Department of Microbiology, Believers Church Medical College, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India Alice David Department of Biostatistics, Believers Church Medical College, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India 2025 11 15 2025 12 16 Background and Objectives: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are most frequently caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, which accounts for approximately 80% of the cases. Other causative agents include Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The main objectives of the study were to estimate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin against multidrug-resistant uropathogens (MDR) isolated from patients with suspected UTI using CLSI and EUCAST criteria and to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated during the study. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study in which a total of 900 urine samples were collected from patients presenting with physician-assessed signs and symptoms suggestive of a UTI. Only samples exhibiting significant bacteriuria that were also multidrug-resistant (MDR) were included. Although fosfomycin disk diffusion criteria, according to CLSI and EUCAST, are only validated for E. coli, susceptibility among other Gram-negative bacteria was also interpreted using the same criteria. This represents a major limitation of the study. Results: In the study, 251 samples grew multi drug resistant organisms. Only 57% of the Gram-negative isolates were sensitive according to EUCAST guidelines, while 87.6% of all isolates were sensitive by CLSI criteria. Among the 161 carbapenem-resistant isolates, 135 (83.9%) were fosfomycin-susceptible and 18 (11.2%) were resistant according to CLSI. In contrast, by EUCAST criteria, only 40 (24.9%) isolates were fosfomycin-susceptible, and the remaining 121 (75.1%) were resistant. Conclusion: Our study showed that using fosfomycin disc diffusion criteria of E. coli for other organisms is not ideal; therefore, performing an alternative form of susceptibility testing for non-E. coli isolates is recommended. Continuous monitoring of fosfomycin susceptibility is warranted to detect any emerging resistance and to guide its clinical application. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5931 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5931/1863

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 74 81 Akbar Hashemi Tayer Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Gholamreza Shokoohi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 2024 05 15 2026 02 07 Background and Objectives: Umbilical cord blood-derived platelet gel (CBPG) is rich in growth factors (GFs) and antimicrobial peptides. This study evaluated its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against dominant nosocomial pathogens. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, CB samples were taken from 12 healthy pregnant women post-cesarean at Motahari Hospital, Jahrom. Platelet -rich plasma (PRP) was isolated using a two-step centrifugation protocol (soft-spin: 200×g, 10 min; hard spin:1000×g, 15 min, 22°C) and activated with calcium and human thrombin to form PG. Antimicrobial effect of PG was determined against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp. using broth microdilution and time-kill assays per CLSI guidelines. Results: PG exhibited strong bacteriostatic activity against MRSA and K. pneumoniae (MIC 2.2–2.8 × 10⁸ platelets/mL; 1.7-1.8 log₁₀ reduction at 24 h, p < 0.001), while PRP was moderately active and PPP was ineffective. No significant activity was observed against P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii (p= 0.2). PG showed sustained fungistatic effects (MIC: 1.9-4.2× 10⁸ platelets/mL up to 72 h). Conclusion: CBPG exhibits potent bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects, particularly against MDR Gram-positive bacteria, offering a novel autologous antimicrobial. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4789 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4789/1864

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 82 90 Ali Abbas Hashemi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Mostafa Nemati Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Fazel Pourahmad Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 2025 04 10 2026 01 29 Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), poses a significant public health threat, exacerbated by antibiotic misuse in livestock and food production. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MRSA in traditional dairy products from Ilam, Iran, and explore the role of prophages in enhancing bacterial virulence and resistance, assessing their implications for food safety. Materials and Methods: Between January and April 2021, 116 dairy samples (raw milk, traditional cheese, and toof) were collected from Ilam, Iran. Staphylococcus aureus was identified using bacteriological and molecular methods, including PCR targeting femA, mecA, and prophage markers (SGB, SGFa, SGFb). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested via the Kirby-Bauer method, and data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: S. aureus was detected in 25.9% of samples (30/116), with raw milk showing the highest contamination (57.9%). MRSA, identified by the mecA gene, was present in 6.7% of isolates, and 73.3% exhibited multidrug resistance. Prophages were found in 13.3% of isolates, with SGB linked to β-lactam resistance (p = 0.04). High resistance to doxycycline (87%) and tetracycline (67%) was observed. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant presence of MRSA and multidrug-resistant S. aureus in Ilam’s dairy products, with prophages contributing to the virulence of these bacteria. Enhanced hygiene and monitoring are crucial for mitigating food safety risks. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5418 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5418/1865

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 91 101 Basharat Wani Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Shayaib Ahmad Kamil Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Showkat Shah Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Masood Saleem Mir Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Mir Nadeem Hassan Depatment of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Zahid Amin Kashoo Depatment of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Mudasir Ali Rather Department of Veterinary Public Health, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Majid Shafi Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Zahoor Ahmad Wani Department of Veterinary Parasitology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Nadeem Shabir Department of Animal Biotechnology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Nazli Tizro Department of the Environment, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Akeel Bashir Department of Veterinary Pathology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India Atif Wani Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir, India 2025 02 02 2025 11 07 Background and Objectives: Present study was aimed at assessing protective efficacy of outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccine in comparison to inactivated whole cell antigen vaccine after challenge with homologous serogroup (O2) of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: The outer membrane proteins were extracted by sarcosyl method and protein concentration was determined by nanodrop spectrophotometer. The study comprised of 120 birds divided into 6 groups. The birds were subcutaneously immunized twice with primary vaccine in the first week followed by booster vaccine in second week. Results: The protection rate of 82% was found in whole cell inactivated antigen, 91% in OMP vaccine and 27% among the unvaccinated group. The antibody (IgG) response was found significantly higher in OMP vaccine group than whole cell antigen group. In unvaccinated groups chicks, the antibody titer never reached to the protective level till the termination of experiment. The bacteria were re-isolated from the infected broiler chickens for the confirmation of induced infection and were characterized using standard cultural and biochemical tests belonging to O2 serogroup. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccine provided significantly higher protection (91%) and antibody response compared to the inactivated whole cell antigen vaccine (82%) against Escherichia coli O2 infection in broiler chickens. Birds vaccinated with OMP exhibited fewer pathological lesions and a stronger immune response. The findings underscore the potential of OMP-based vaccines as a safer, more immunogenic alternative for controlling colibacillosis. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5272 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5272/1866

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 102 111 Arti Agrawal Department of Microbiology, SN Medical College, Agra, India Anshika Chawla Department of Microbiology, SN Medical College, Agra, India Astha . Department of Microbiology, F.H. Medical College, Agra, India Jitendra Doneria Department of Medicine, SN Medical College, Agra, India Nitu Chauhan Department of Transfusion Medicine, SN Medical College, Agra, India Ayushi Gupta Department of Liberal Arts and Humanities, Jindal School, Sonipat, Haryana, Agra, India Gargi Tyagi Department of Administrative, SN Medical College, Agra, India Parul Garg Department of Microbiology, SN Medical College, Agra, India 2025 07 09 2025 11 06 Background and Objectives: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global health challenge, with limited Indian data on factors influencing treatment outcomes. This study assessed immunological and virological responses and survival determinants among treatment-naïve HIV-1–positive adults. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre from May 2022 to April 2023. Adults (≥18 years) who initiated first-line ART (TDF + 3TC + DTG) between January 2019 and December 2020 with 24-month follow-up were included. Baseline demographics, CD4 count, viral load, and adherence were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Of 452 screened patients, 355 were eligible. Mortality at 6, 12, and 24 months was 22%, 26.8%, and 29.9%, respectively, with overall survival of 70.1%. Baseline CD4 count, viral load, adherence, and ART initiation timing significantly influenced outcomes (p < 0.05). Patients with baseline between 200 to 350 had almost 7 times the odds of survival compared to those with <200 cells/µL. Early ART initiation (≤7 days) improved survival (3-fold) and viral suppression (2.4-fold), while adherence >95% was the strongest predictor of success. Older age and high viral load predicted poorer outcomes. Conclusion: Early ART initiation, strict adherence, and favourable baseline markers significantly improved survival and suppression, supporting the “test-and-treat” approach and the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5609 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5609/1867

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 14 112 121 Rabaa Alathamneh Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa, University, Zarqa Jordan Manal Omar Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan Maher Obeidat Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Salt, Jordan Lo’ai Alanagreh Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan Abdelrahim Alqudah Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan Muhannad Massadeh Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan 2025 03 02 2026 01 08 Background and Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a prevalent member of the herpesvirus family, poses significant risks to immunocompromised patients, particularly those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and genotype distribution of CMV among transplant recipients in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study conducted at the Jordan Royal Medical Service's Virology Department from January to October 2024, included all patients who underwent HSCT or SOT. Blood samples collected in EDTA tubes were analyzed for CMV detection and genotyping. Real-time PCR facilitated CMV amplification, while multiplex nested PCR identified gB and gN genotypes. Results: Among 80 transplant recipients with positive CMV DNA, 15 (18.8%) were from SOT kidney transplants (KT), and 65 (81.2%) were HSCT recipients. Genotype analysis of 44 samples revealed that 21 had the gN genotype and 27 had the gB genotype. Mixed genotypes gB and gN were present in 15 samples. The mixed genotype gN1+gN2 (42.86%) was most common in KT recipients, while gB2 (31%) was prevalent among HSCT recipients. Conclusion: CMV is a common opportunistic virus that often leads to severe, life-threatening illness and is associated with an increased risk of transplant rejection. Our study demonstrated that the most prevalent genotypes in Jordanian HSCT and SCT recipients with CMV infection were gB2 and gN1+gN2, respectively. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/5327 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/5327/1868

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 18 1 2026 02 15 122 130 EN V Parvathy Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India Pryanka Thakur Department of Virology, Post Graduate In