Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 13 276 284 EN Kamran Lankarani Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Akbari Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Reza Tabrizi Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit of Vali Asr Hospital, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Mohebat Vali Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Eghbal Sekhavati Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Taghi Heydari Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hossein Khodadadi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Fariba Ahmadizar Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2021 10 08 2022 03 18 Background and Objectives: Candida auris (C. auris) is the first fungal pathogen considered a global health threat. Because, C. auris is associated with multidrug resistance and associated diseases such as diabetes, sepsis, lung and kidney disease. This study investigated the prevalence and mortality of C. auris infection during Covid-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in the English language up to Jan 18, 2022. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using Cochrane’s Q test and the I2 index. The pooled point prevalences and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated usingthe random-effects model. Results: In our meta-analysis, 11 eligible articles were included. The total pooled prevalence estimation of C. auris infection among COVID-19 patients was 13% (95% CI: 8%, 19%). The estimated pooled mortality rate of C. auris infection was 37% (95% CI: 15%, 61%). In terms of specific conditions, the pooled risk of mortality was higher in people with diabetes 65% (95% CI: 0.45%, 83%), in cases with >21 days admission inintensive care unit (ICU) 44% (95% CI: 21%, 0.68%), and after receiving steroids 43% (95% CI: 18%, 69%). Conclusion: Our study highlights the high prevalence rate of C. auris infection, particularly among people with a history of metabolic disorders. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3355 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3355/1453

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 13 285 290 EN Khalil Ansarin Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Rahat Breath and Sleep Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Leyla Sahebi Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran 2021 07 06 2022 04 07 Background and Objectives: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (Tb) is a major public health issue across the world. Therefore, it is crucial to determine its pattern in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of drug resistant TB in the west and northwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies (2010 to 2021) in Google Scholar, PubMed, Thomson Reuters, Scientific Information Database (SID), Cochrane Library, and Medical Library (MedLib) databases. The patterns of any drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SMP), ethambutol (EMB), and multiple drug resistance (MDR) were reviewed in tuberculosis in the west and northwest of Iran. Results: In this review, 7 studies met the eligibility criteria for a meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of any drug resistant TB was 13% (CI 95%: 9.0, 17.0) (43.0% in re-treatment group). The pooled prevalence of any drug resistant TB was more than 1.5 times higher in men compared to women (15% vs. 9.0%). The pooled prevalence (%) of resistance to INH, RMP, SMP, EMB and MDR-TB was 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 6.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. Kermanshah Province (a province in the west of Iran) showed a high prevalence of any type of drug resistance and MDR-TB (15.9% and 20.0%, respectively). Conclusion: It seems that the western provinces of Iran have a different pattern of drug resistance compared to the northwestern provinces. Considering the extent of Iran and the neighboring countries, it is recommended that the pattern of tuberculosis drug resistance be reviewed separately in different provinces or regions of Iran. Drug resistance in the re-treatment group was more than three times that of all patients with TB drug resistance. The burden of drug resistance reduces significantly with better control and management of TB drug treatment and preventing re-infection. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/1471 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/1471/1454

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 13 291 299 Maria Zapata-Cardona Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia Diana Gómez-Gallego Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia María Moncada-Díaz Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedade Tropicales (PECET), Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia Juan Hernandez Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Francisco Díaz Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia María Rugeles Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia Wbeimar Aguilar-Jiménez Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia Wildeman Zapata Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia 2022 02 08 2022 03 16 Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and interest (VOI) pose a significant threat to public health because the rapid change in the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter viral phenotypes such as virulence, transmissibility and the ability to evade the host response. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 quantification techniques are essential for timely diagnosis and follow-up. Besides, they are vital to understanding viral pathogenesis, antiviral evaluation, and vaccine development. Materials and Methods: Five isolates of SARS-CoV-2: D614G strain (B.1), three VOC (Alpha, Gamma and Delta), and one VOI (Mu) were used to compare three techniques for viral quantification, plaque assay, median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and real-time RT-PCR. Results: Plaque assay showed viral titers between 0.15 ± 0.01×107 and 1.95 ± 0.09×107 PFU/mL while viral titer by TCID50 assay was between 0.71 ± 0.01×106 to 4.94 ± 0.80×106 TCID50/mL for the five SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The PFU/mL titer obtained by plaque and the calculated from TCID50 assays differed by 0.61 log10, 0.59 log10, 0.59 log10 and 0.96 log10 for Alfa, Gamma, Delta, and Mu variants (p≤0.0007), respectively. No differences were observed for the D614G strain. Real-time PCR assay exhibited titers ranging from 0.39 ± 0.001×108 to 3.38 ± 0.04×108 RNA copies/µL for all variants. The relation between PFU/mL and RNA copies/mL was 1:29800 for D614G strain, 1:11700 for Alpha, 1:8930 for Gamma, 1:12500 for Delta, and 1:2950 for Mu. Conclusion: TCID50 assay was comparable to plaque assay for D614G but not for others SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our data demonstrated a correlation among PFU/mL and E gene RNA copies/µL, units of measure commonly used to quantify the viral load in diagnostic and research fields. The results suggest that the proportion of infectious virions in vitro changes depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, being Mu, the variant reaching a higher viral titer with fewer viral copies. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3543 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3543/1455

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 13 300 304 Vivi Setiawaty Research Instalation, National Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Laboratory Division, Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia Dini Darmawati Laboratory Division, Faculty of Biology, University of Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia Arie Nugraha Laboratory Division, Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia Pancrasia Hendrati Laboratory Division, Faculty of Biology, University of Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia 2020 01 19 2022 05 07 Background and Objectives: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is commonly detected in pneumonia patients who travel from the Middle East regions. Besides MERS-CoV, many other pathogenic agents cause pneumonia. Detection of such organisms must be done swiftly, especially in case of the negative MERS-CoV samples. The aim of this study was to identify the pathogenic agents that might account for bacterial pneumonia, from Hajj and Umrah pneumonia cases. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, 38 pneumonia clinical samples from suffering of Hajj and Umrah in 2017 with negative MERS-CoV were selected. The laboratory testing was done at National Reference Laboratory in Jakarta and performed by multiplex real-time PCR using a FTD respiratory pathogens. Results: Haemophilus influenzae (26.4%) was the most frequent bacteria detected. Other causative agents of bacterial pneumonia identified were Moraxella catarrhalis (20.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (5.7%). From 38 samples showed that 25 (65.79%) samples were positive with bacteria, including five samples with coinfection. The coinfection were combinations among S. aureus and S. pneumoniae (1/20), S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae (1/20), S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis (2/20), S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (2/20), K. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (5/20), and M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae (5/20). Conclusion: Haemophilus influenzae is the most recurrent bacteria to be identified in samples of pneumonia of hajj and umrah cases. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/2458 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/2458/1456

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 305 312 Samaneh Bourbour Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Beigverdi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Maryam Beheshti Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Jabalameli Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Emaneini Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2021 12 06 2022 05 12 Background and Objectives: Aminoglycosides have been widely used for treating severe staphylococcal infections. Production aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) is the main mechanism of resistance to this antibiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AME genes and molecular characterization of aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from clinical specimens in Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci (20 S. aureus and 22 S. epidermidis) with resistance to gentamicin were tested for antimicrobial resistance and differentiated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: All 42 isolates were resistant to methicillin, kanamycin,and most of them were also resistant to amikacin (98%), tobramycin (98%) and netilmycin (78.5%). Overall, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia was the dominant AME gene found in 100% of isolates, followed by aph(3')IIIa found in 90% of isolates. MLST classified S. aureus and S. epidermidis into 5 and 9 distinct sequence types (ST), respectively. The majority of the strains belonged to ST239 (50%) for S. aureus and ST2 (36%) for S. epidermidis. Conclusion: The resistance to aminoglycosides was mainly due to the presence of the aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia and aph(3')IIIa genes as well as the ST239 for S. aureus and ST2 for S. epidermidis have become the predominant clones in the selected university hospital of Tehran, Iran. Thus, it is critical that clinicians and healthcare workers are aware of the population of S. aureus and S. epidermidis present in order to make decisions for appropriate treatment and infection control practices. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3463 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3463/1457

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 313 318 Narjes Feizabadi Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Sarrafzadeh Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Fathali Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Dadgoo Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Jalil Kardan-Yamchi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Kazemian Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Sonia Hesam-Shariati School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 12 03 2022 06 14 Background and Objectives: Bacterial involvement in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) condition made it difficult to treat using available antibiotic therapy. Therapeutic ultrasound was investigated here to evaluate bacterial diversity and quantity before and after continuous/pulsed ultrasound strategy compared to control patients. Materials and Methods: Totally, 34 CRS patients were studied in three groups, including continuous ultrasound, pulsed ultrasound and control. Bacterial culture and identification were done before and after treatment. Computed tomography scan (CT scan) and questionnaire scores were recorded two times before and after intervention. Results: The most prevalent bacterial isolates were non-hemolytic Streptococci (34 patients), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (33 patients), Gram-negative cocci (26 patients), Staphylococcus aureus (19 patients), Streptococcus pneumoniae (five patients) and Streptococcus pyogenes (five patients). Both continuous and pulsed ultrasound could significantly reduce the quantity of bacterial isolates after treatment. CT scan and questionnaire results support the effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound. Conclusion: The quantity of clinically important bacteria was significantly reduced using ultrasound treatment and recovery of patients was supported by CT scan and questionnaire scores. Alternative therapeutic ultrasound could be an effective procedure in CRS patients. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3456 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3456/1458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 319 327 Safar Farajnia Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Fariba Lotfi Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran Alireza Dehnad Department of Biotechnology, East Azerbaijan Research and Education Center Agricultural and Natural Resources, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran Maryam Shojaie Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran Roya Raisi Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran Leila Rahbarnia Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Ahad Bazmani Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Behrooz Naghili Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Samaneh Shiry Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2021 11 01 2022 03 17 Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine molecular characterization and genetic diversity of colistin-resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates in Intensive Care Unit hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 127 A. baumannii clinical isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility. PCR reaction and sequencing were performed for the detection of mutations in pmrAB and lpx ACD genes. Results: Based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 40.94% and 33.85% of the isolates were MDR and XDR respectively whereas 3.93% of them were found to be PDR. Results of agar dilution MIC and E-test indicated that 76% of the isolates were sensitive to colistin. All of the isolates were positive for blaOXA-51 and 50% of them were positive for both blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-143-like genes while only 25% of the isolates were positive for blaOXA-72. None of them were positive for the blaOXA-58-like gene. There is no mutation in pmrA. The V162A substitution for pmrB gene was repeated in two isolates, and E394 D and Y292H substitutions in lpxA were observed in two isolates; also, C120R and F165L substitutions in lpxC gene was repeated in two isolates. Analysis of phylogenetic tree based on alterations in lpxACD and pmrB genes indicated the appearance of new isolates compared to the reference strain ATCC17978 A. baumannii isolates. Conclusion: The present study indicated the prevalence of MDR and XDR A. baumannii isolates and the emergence of PDR isolates in the northwest portion of Iran. The appearance of colistin-resistant isolates with new mutations in pmrB, lpxACD genes indicates new resistance mechanisms. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3400 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3400/1459

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 328 333 EN Melike Yaşar-Duman Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Feriha Çilli Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Yamaç Tekintaş Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey Furkan Polat Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Mine Hoşgör-Limoncu Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey 2021 04 26 2022 04 15 Background and Objectives: RESİST-4 O.K.N.V. assay is a lateral immunochromatocraphic test for the identification of oxacillinase (OXA)-48-like, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), and Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) producing strains. It was aimed to evaluate the performance of the RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. test and to compare it with the reference method polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also, the objective was to determine the distribution of carbapenemase types of CRE strains isolated in our hospital. Materials and Methods: Between January 2016-October 2019, 187 strains isolated from clinical samples were included in this study. Bacterial identification was done using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were studied with the VITEK-2 automated system. Meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the gradient test. All strains were studied with the RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. test and then the strains were selected for the PCR test. blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaKPC, and blaVIM were investigated with PCR. K. pneumoniae NCTC® 13438 (KWIKSTIKTM, Microbiologics®,USA) was used as the positive control, E. coli ATTC® 25922 TM (Microbiologics®,USA) and three carbapenem-sensitive clinical isolates were also used as the negative control. Results: Meropenem MIC50 and MIC90 values were determined to be >32 mg/L. With PCR blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaKPC, and blaVIM were detected in 79, 63, 20, and 4 strains, respectively. blaOXA-48 and blaNDM were found together in 51 of the isolates. blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaKPC, and blaVIM were not detected in two strains with carbapenem resistance in susceptibility tests. The sensitivity of the immunochromatographic test was 100% for OXA-48, KPC, and VIM but 84.1% for NDM. Specificity was determined as 100% for OXA-48, NDM, KPC, and VIM. Conclusion: RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. test showed high sensitivity and specificity in detecting OXA-48, KPC, NDM, and VIM type carbapenemases. However, it should be kept in mind that there may be false-negative results related to NDM. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3117 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3117/1460

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 334 340 Chikaodili Nwokolo Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria Malachy Ugwu Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria Chika Ejikeugwu Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakilikii, Ngeria Ifeanyichukwu Iroha Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakilikii, Ngeria Charles Esimone Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria 2021 10 11 2022 03 17 Background and Objectives: This study investigated the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli recovered from HIV/AIDS patients in Awka metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 363 urine samples were bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation of E. coli isolates which were further characterized using standard microbiology techniques. The isolated uropathogenic E. coli was tested for susceptibility to a range of clinically important antibiotics using the modified disk diffusion technique. All E. coli isolates were phenotypically screened for ESBL production using the combined disk technique, and strains which were positive were further confirmed for the presence of ESBL genes using PCR technique. Results: A total 160 (44.1%) non-duplicate isolates were bacteriologically confirmed to be uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). The E. coli isolates showed reduced susceptibility to important antibiotics including ceftazidime (76.88%), cefuroxime (77.5%), cefixime (61.88%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (32.5%) and ciprofloxacin (34.38%). Twenty-seven of the UPEC isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be ESBL producers. PCR test confirmed some important genes mediating ESBL production in Gram negative bacteria including blaTEM (5.0%) and blaCTX-M-15 (6.9%) genes. Conclusion: We report a high prevalence of ESBL producers among HIV/AIDS patients in Awka, Nigeria. This result is important as antibiotic resistance (ABR) particularly those mediated by multidrug resistant bacteria as reported in this current study could complicate treatment outcome, worsen the individual’s health, and even increase cost of treatment and hospitalization. It is therefore important to lookout for ESBL positive UPEC amongst HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3361 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3361/1461

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 341 350 EN Asmaa Mohsin Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Ali Alsakini Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Munim Ali Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq 2022 01 05 2022 04 21 Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections are one of the most commonly associated human infectious diseases caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is described as having a large number of virulence genes that enable drug resistance, which is a cause for great concern. Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility is critical to determining the scope of the problem and selecting appropriate antimicrobial drugs. The current study aimed to identify the distribution of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) based on genetic profiles and to determine resistance patterns among isolates. Materials and Methods: This study employed biological correlations to study the patterns of antibiotic resistance and the distribution of phylogenetic groups of 118 isolates of E. coli and the relationship between them, which were isolated from three hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Results: The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that phylogroup F was the most common group among E. coli isolates (37.3%), followed by phylogroups C (20.3%), B2 (15.3%), E (14.4%), UP (4.2%), A and D (3.4%), and B1 (1.7%). The majority of antibiotic resistance patterns were related to penicillin groups (80.5%) and the least to the sulfonamide groups (67.0%). 51.7%, 42.4%, and 1.7% of isolates were Extensive Drug Resistance (XDR), Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR), and Pan Drug Resistance (PDR), respectively. Antibiotic resistance was most commonly detected in group F (35.6%). Conclusion: Our observations revealed that the dominant phylogroup F had the highest prevalence of multi-drug resistance and extensive drug resistance among E. coli isolates. The newly identified phylogroups C, E, and F account for about 72.0% of the E. coli isolates. Such investigations should be conducted in other localities as well, in order to gain a better understanding of the pattern of antibiotic resistance patterns and the frequency of distinct phylogenetic groups. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3504 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3504/1462

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 351 361 Omowumi Akinola Microbiology Programme, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria Faustina Onyeaghasiri Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Olayinka Oluranti Microbiology Programme, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria Olayinka Elutade Microbiology Programme, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria 2021 06 18 2022 03 09 Background and Objectives: Unsafe water supplies are of public health concern, especially in developing countries. This article aims to investigate the microbiological quality of water from eight Wells in Iwo and to explore for the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes contained in isolated enteric bacteria from in the water samples. Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolation and identification were done using standard conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer method. Ten phenotypically carbapenem-resistant isolates were further subjected to genotypic analysis (PCR amplification) for the detection of ESBL and carbapenemase gene. Results: A total of 148 Enterobacteriaceae isolates belonging to seven (7) genera were isolated and identified which included E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella, Citrobacter sp, Proteus, and Shigella. Results showed that 55% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 28% to cefepime, the least resistance was shown in moxifloxacin and gentamicin which had 6% and 9%, respectively, of the total isolates. For the two carbapenems used, results showed meropenem and imipenem had resistant values of 14% each, respectively. Two isolates carried the blaCTX-M gene while the carbapenemase gene (blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA) was not detected in all the ten isolates. Conclusion: There was also negative chromosomal detection of carbapenemase in MDR isolates from well waters in Iwo town. Consequently, resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in these isolates may not be mediated by carbapenemase but by the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and through other mechanisms of resistance. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3202 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3202/1463

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 362 372 Atena Sadeghi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Leila Ganji Department of Microbiology, Iranian Reference Health Laboratory Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Fani Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Gholamreza Pouladfar Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Parisa Eslami Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Doregiraee Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Parviz Owlia Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Alebouyeh Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 01 18 2022 04 27 Background and Objectives: Source tracking of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter is useful for control measures. In this study, Campylobacter-associated diarrhea and homology in antimicrobial resistance of humans and poultry meat isolates were investigated. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 stools of patients and 100 poultry meat samples were analyzed. Susceptibility of the isolates was detected by disk diffusion, Etest, and agar dilution methods. Mismatch amplification mutation assay was used for the detection of mutations in the gyrA quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR). Results: Campylobacter spp., including C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, were detected in 35% of the chicken meat and 6.75% of the stool samples, respectively. The QRDR mutation was detected in most of the stool and chicken meat samples. Although the frequency of resistance to tetracycline (53.5% and 62.8%), erythromycin (39.2% and 37.1%), and gentamicin (32.1% and 31.4%) was relatively similar, higher frequency of resistance to ciprofloxacin (51.4% vs 28.6%) and nalidixic acid (42.15% vs 28.6%) among the chicken meat, and ampicillin (50% and 17.1%) among the human stool was detected. Conclusion: High percentage of poultry meat samples is contaminated with different Campylobacter species, which shows homology with the patients’ isolates in Tehran. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3520 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3520/1464

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 373 382 Bechr Hamrita Research Unit UR17ES30, Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia Emira Noumi Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Bioressources, Integrative Biology and Recovery, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia Ferdaws Hafi Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive, Care Unit, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia Filomena Nazzaro Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Roma, Italy Mejdi Snoussi Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR11ES41), University of Monastir, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia 2021 11 14 2022 04 16 Background and Objectives: In this work, our aims were to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, and anti-quorum sensing activities of Punica granatum L. methanolic extract. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed against thirteen bacteria and five fungal pathogens. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the polyphenolic extract. The inhibition of pyocyanin production, proteolytic and elastolytic activity and swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 test strain were estimated. Results: The methanolic extract from P. granatum L. was dominated by chlorogenic acid (34.028 mg/g), rutin (26.05 mg/g), epicatechin (12.207 mg/g), gallic acid (11.157 mg/g), and caffeic acid 9.768 mg/g). Results showed antibacterial activities against almost all tested microorganisms with mean diameter of growth inhibition zone ranging from 6 ± 0 to 30 ± 0 mm for Candida species and from 6 ± 0 to 22.66 ± 0.57 for bacterial strains. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations were recorded for Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and Salmonella enterica CECT 529 (0.14 mg/ml, respectively). The anti-quorum sensing activity of methanolic extract against P. aeruginosa showed a significant inhibition of swarming motility and an attenuation in virulence factors like pyocyanin production at low concentrations. Conclusion: The obtained results indicates that P. granatum L. extracts is a rich source of phenolic compounds and highlighted the possibilities uses of pomegranate to attenuate the expression of quorum sensing controlled factors in P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3432 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3432/1465

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 383 394 Mohd Jalil School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Nurul Zakaria School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Nurul Suhaimi Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Darah Ibrahim Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia 2021 07 29 2022 05 10 Background and Objectives: Endophytic fungi are believed to possess compounds as antibacterial agents. This study was designed to determine in vivo antibacterial activity of the crude extracts from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 against pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: The qualitative and quantitative screenings were performed using agar plug and disk diffusion antimicrobial tests, respectively. Besides that, the MIC and MBC value of the extracts were determined using broth microdilution assay and morphological changes of the bacterial cells exposed to the extract were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results: Agar plug diffusion assay revealed that V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 and Exiguobacterium profundum IBRL MA6 were the most sensitive to the extract with the size of inhibition zones of 11 to ≤ 20 mm. The MIC and MBC values of the extract varied depending on the test bacteria. Observation through SEM revealed that the bacterial cells exposed to the extract experienced severe damage such as irregular shape with crumpled and shrunken cells which led to cell death. Conclusion: The data suggest that the crude extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 exert antibacterial activity against test bacteria and principally affect the cell wall in growing pathogenic bacterial cells. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3255 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3255/1466

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 395 401 Sara Sadeqi Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Abdolrazagh Hashemi Shahraki Division of Pulmonary, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA Farhad Nikkhahi Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Amir Javadi Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Seyed Mohammad Amin Marashi Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2021 07 22 2022 04 23 Background and Objectives: In the third world and developing countries, hospital sewage is mixed with municipal wastewater. The treated effluent contains dangerous bacteria released into the environment and used in the irrigation of agricultural products, and eventually these bacteria may endanger the human health through foods. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are mostly found in hospital wastewater. In water and wastewater treatment plants, large amounts of toxic and polluting substances are removed and destroyed, but this process does not eliminate bacteria. Materials and Methods: Wastewater samples from 22 hospitals in Iran were collected and in the meantime specific phages (against drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria) extracted using the bilayer agar technique. Phage amplification was performed by employing a fermenter after phage identification. Amplified phages were added to the primary sedimentation pond using New-Brunwick biofermenter BioFlo/Celligen®115 and the bacterial count was evaluated for the desired bacteria. Results: Our phage cocktail was able to reduce 99.8%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.6% and 99.9% of E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and S. aureus counts respectively. Conclusion: The application of phage cocktails can remarkably help improve personal hygiene, the environment, and the optimization of surface water. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3247 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3247/1467

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 402 409 Chiman Karami Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Kamyar Mazloum Jalali Department of Microbiology and Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Reference Laboratory, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Shahram Jalilian Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Gholamreza Khataminia Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Somayeh Biparva Haghighi Department of General Courses, School of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Karimi Babaahmadi Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advance Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Reza Taherkhani Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Manoochehr Makvandi Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2021 10 23 2022 04 14 Background and Objectives: Human adenovirus type 8 is a highly contagious eye disease and is considered as the most common epidemic keratoconjunctivitis worldwide. The virus may alter the course of detection as mutations and recombination in surface antigens are associated with binding and pathogenesis in human adenovirus. The recognition of new recombinant human adenovirus has been based on sequencing of three genes, penton base, hexon and fiber. Materials and Methods: 50 suspected samples of ocular keratoconjunctivitis were selected over 6 months. Following DNA extraction from isolates positive for cytopathic effect in each well, the complete sequences of hexon, fiber, and penton regions were performed on the genome of human adenovirus isolates using PCR. The sequences of capsid genes, including hexon, fiber, and penton were assessed to observe the evidence of recombination at the molecular level using genetic tools. Results: The results of nucleotide and amino acid sequence of 5/ 50 patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis positive for hypervariable region of hexon (132aa-449), hypervariable of knob fiber (183aa-362) and hypervariable penton (106aa-466) isolates showed nucleotide and amino acid identity of 98% and 99.41%, 99% and 100%, 95% and 99.72% with hexon, fiber and penton of human adenovirus 8 subtypes. The results of phylogenetic tree and Simplot of the entire sequences and hypervariable regions of isolated hexon, fiber and penton showed all the isolates of human adenovirus from Ahvaz, Iran, were clustered with human adenovirus 8A, B, E, P and J, subtypes isolated strains from different regions of the world. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the human adenovirus isolates from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis were closed to human adenovirus 8A, B, E, P and J subtypes. To determine the emergence of new human adenovirus D8 subtypes strain, analysis of complete genome sequence of human adenovirus was required. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3385 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3385/1468

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 410 416 EN Asma Bahrami Department of Microbiology, Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Ali Akbar Pourfathollah Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Parsania Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mehrabi Habibabadi Department of Microbiology, Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Zohreh Sharifi Department of Microbiology, Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran 2021 10 12 2022 05 09 Background and Objectives: Despite the increased sensitivity of screening tests, the HBV can be transmitted during the window period and occult hepatitis B infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HBV markers and prevalence of OBI among HBsAg negative blood donors in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: Anti-HBc (IgM and IgG), anti-HBs and anti-HBe tests on 4313 serum samples (HBsAg negative) were performed by ELISA method. Also, all samples for the presence of HBV- DNA were tested by using NAT methods. SPSS software and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 4313 samples, 384 (8.9%) sera were anti-HBc positive. Also, of 384 anti-HBc positive samples, 302 (78.65%) were anti-HBs positive and 152 (39.6%) were anti-HBe positive. Thirty-nine (0.90%) samples were anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs negative and anti-HBe negative. HBV-DNA was not detected in any of specimens. Conclusion: Based on the results of retesting the isolated anti-HBc samples that after one year recalling, had undetectable HBV-DNA and for the prevention of the decreasing of healthy blood donation (due to false positive anti-HBc) and preservation of the blood supplies; Individual Donor Nucleic Acid Testing (ID-NAT) along with the anti-HBc testing for the improving blood safety is recommended. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3365 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3365/1469

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 417 422 Zeynab Yassin Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Salehi Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Soleimani Department of Ocular Trauma and Emergency, Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh Lotfali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Fattahi Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Somayeh Sharifynia Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 11 23 2022 04 18 Background and Objectives: Fusarium species are known to be one of the common causes of keratitis. This study was conducted to identify Fusarium spp. causing keratitis and to investigate their genetic diversity using TEF1 and RPB2 gene sequences. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four clinical isolates of Fusarium were isolated from the patient with keratitis. Phylogenetic analysis of two-locus of the 24 clinical isolates and three reference strains was carried out using the maximum parsimony and RAxML methods. Results: Based on gene sequences of the 24 clinical isolates, 17, 4, and 3 isolates were identified as Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. FFSC include F. proliferatum (n=1), F. globosum (n=1), F. verticillioides (n=1), and F. brevicatenulatum (n=1), respectively. Conclusion: Given that sequence of a sole gene can be challenging and on the other hand, due to the high resistance to antifungal drugs, identification of Fusarium species is of substantial significance. In this study, by designing a novel set of primers for the RPB2 area and using TEF1 primer, we were able to differentiate 24 Fusarium spp. isolated from patients with keratitis. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3435 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3435/1470

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 423 429 Ashkan Faridi Student Research Committee, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Azam Amanizadeh Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Seyyed Amin Ayatollahi Mosavi Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Samira Salari Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Somayeh Sharifynia Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Setareh Agha Kuchak Afshari Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2021 08 15 2022 04 22 Background and Objectives: Candida albicans complex species are well known as the main cause of candidiasis, particularly among susceptible individuals. In this study, we report the genetic diversity of Candida spp. and the antifungal susceptibility pattern of the cryptic C. albicans complex isolates in Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 yeast isolates were obtained from different clinical samples, and molecular identification was performed. All C. albicans complex isolates were tested for susceptibility of them to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole. Results: The majority of clinical isolates were C. albicans complex (n=48) followed by C. glabrata complex (n=34), C. parapsilosis complex (n=21), and C. krusei (n=9). Among C. albicans complex, 45 isolates were C. albicans (94%), 2 isolates were C. dubliniensis (4%), and 1 isolate was C. africana (2%). Amphotericin B was the most active antifungal, whereas 8.9% and 6.7% of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Conclusion: Regarding the high incidence of Candida infections particularly in susceptible populations and the emergence of an infrequent yeast species with elevated MICs, which is indistinguishable with conventional methods, developing accurate molecular methods for laboratory diagnosis should be considered in the clinical setting. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3280 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3280/1471

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 430 433 Hoang Nguyen Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam Thi Khanh Linh Nguyen Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam Thi Thuy Ung Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam Thi Thao Nhi Mai Department of Basic Internal Medicine, Phan Chau Trinh University, Quang Nam, Vietnam Thi Nhu Hoa Tran Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam Viet Quynh Tram Ngo Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam Van An Le Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam 2022 02 11 2022 05 12 Melioidosis is an emerging infection, a potentially fatal tropical disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in humans and animals, endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Diagnosis remains problematic due to its similarity to many other infections. The lack of clinical awareness and correct microbiological diagnosis contributes to the misidentification of melioidosis. We present a melioidosis case, which was misdiagnosed with pneumonia and septicemia due to Aeromonas salmonicida, leading to ineffective prolonged-course antibiotic treatment for the patient. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3547 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3547/1472

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 14 3 2022 06 14 3826 3826 Mervat Mashaly Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Unit, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Ghada Mashaly Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 2022 07 18 Correction: In the Article of Activity of imipenem/relebactam on Klebsiella pneumoniae with different mechanisms of imipenem non-susceptibility DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v13i6.8080 Volume 13 Number 6 (December 2021) 785-792 The first author`s name was Mervat El-Seyed Mashaly, it should be corrected as Mervat Mashaly and also the affilations were:  1Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Unit, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt they should be corrected as : 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/3826 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/3826/1475