Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Microbiology 2008-3289 15 4 2023 08 27 492 502 Abdulhakim Mussema Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Getenet Beyene Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Esayas Gudina Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Dagninet Alelign Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia Tofik Mohammed Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia Solomon Bawore Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Abdurezak Mohammed Seid Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Wondwossen Tadesse Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia Mulatu Gashaw Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 2023 04 27 2023 07 17 Background and Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem that restricts the options for treating bacterial pneumonia. This research aimed to determine the bacterial causes of pneumonia and antibiotic resistance among hospitalized patients in southwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: We collected and analyzed 150 sputum samples from individuals with community-acquired pneumonia from April 1st to October 30th, 2019. Standard bacteriological procedures were used to identify the bacteria. Kirby Bauer's disk diffusion method was used to assess the bacteria's susceptibility patterns. Production of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum-lactamase were confirmed phenotypically. Odds ratios and the chi-square test were computed. Results: On the whole, bacterial pathogens were verified in 50% of the sputum samples. The predominant bacterial isolates were Klebsiella species, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. About 77.5% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Moreover, 40.5% and 10.8% of the isolates were ESBL and carbapenemase producers, respectively. Aging, tobacco smoking, previous history of pneumonia, heart disease, and chronic respiratory disease had association with sputum culture-positivity. Conclusion: As a result, it is important to regularly monitor the bacterial etiologies and their patterns of resistance. Additionally, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics should all be taken into account while managing patients with pneumonia empirically in this context. https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/4207 https://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/download/4207/1593